Fundamental Electrical Theory

Objectives
Basic electrical theory including ohm's law and its derivations Generator theory Generator construction and control mechanisms including prime movers and power ratings

Objectives
Fundamentals of electric motor theory including construction, power rating, usage, and control mechanisms. Compare the uses for AC and DC electric power and their transmission methods.

References
INE, Chapter 16, INE, PNE, Chapter 20, PNE, pp. 307-318 307pp. 20-1 - 20-20 20- 20-

Definitions
Current (I): flow of electric charges per unit time or flow rate, measured in amperes or amps (A) Electromotive Force (emf) (E): a potential difference or electric pressure which drives the flow of charges, measured in volts (V) Resistance (R): an electrical circuits opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (;) (; Conductor: a material which offers little resistance to current flow, e.g. silver, copper, iron, etc Insulator: a material which offers high resistance to current flow, e.g. wood, paper, plastic, etc...

ELECTRICAL THEORY

Direct Current (DC)

Current flow is unidirectional and of constant magnitude (Batteries) Ohms Law: current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the circuit resistance

E=IR 2 R (W) P=IE=I

Basic Circuit Properties

Electrons flow (-) to (+) ( Kirchoffs Law of Voltages
Sum of all voltages in a complete ckt is zero Choose arbitrary current flow If current encounters (+) terminal 1st, then (+) voltage Voltage drops preceded by (-) sign if in the (same direction as electron flow

Sum of current into and out of a node is always zero and constant

Basic Circuit Properties

Series
Current is constant (flowrate) Voltage drops across each resistor (pressure) R = R1 + R2 + R3 + etc

Parallel
Voltage drop constant Iin = I1 + I2 + I3 +etc 1/R = 1/ R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + etc

Example Problem #1
Determine V1, V2, V3, V4, and I.
10; 10; 5; 20;

V1

V2

V3

V4

90V +

Example Problem #2
Determine I1, I2, I3, I4 and total circuit resistance.
20;

I4
30;

I3
20;

I2
75V +

I1

Navy Generators
Generator- machine used to convert Generatormechanical energy into electrical energy. Generator is comprised of the essential elements of Faradays Law to produce electrical power

Induction of Voltage (Faraday)

Three things must be present in order to produce electrical current: current:
Magnetic field Conductor Relative motion

Conductor cuts lines of magnetic flux, a voltage is induced in the conductor Direction/Speed important

Electromagnetic Induction
COIL (CONDUCTOR) INDUCED CURRENT

RELATIVE MOTION VOLTMETER

MAGNET INDUCED CURRENT

Direction of Induced emf

MOTION OF CONDUCTOR B N S

INDUCED (electron flow) CURRENT

LEFT HAND GENERATOR RULE

Generator Parts
Prime mover: mechanical work which turns the rotor, may mover: be a steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel engine... Armature windings: the conductor in which the output windings: voltage is induced Field windings: the conductors used to produce the windings: electromagnetic field (needs a DC power supply), the magnet Stator: stationary housing of the generator, contains the Stator: magnet (field windings) Rotor: rotates inside the stator, moved by a prime mover Rotor: (steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel), contains the conductor (armature windings) Poles: one set of armature windings is called a pole in the Poles: generator

DC Generator

ElectroElectro-Magnet

B E (N x I)

DC Motors
Similar in construction to DC generators A DC generator may be made to act as a DC motor by applying a suitable voltage across its output terminals (a DC motor acts as a DC generator operating in reverse) Operates based on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in, and at right angles to, a magnetic field tends to move in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force (right(righthand rule)

AC Power

Alternating Current (AC) Theory

AC- The magnitude and direction of ACcurrent flow in an AC circuit will change periodically (called a cycle). The frequency (Hz) of an AC circuit is the number of cycles per second.

Alternating Current (AC)

Current is constantly changing in magnitude and direction at regular intervals Current is a function of time and usually varies as a sine function
I t

Two Types of AC Generators

Revolving armature
rotor is an armature (conductor) which is rotating inside a stationary electromagnetic field seldom used since output power must be transmitted through slip-rings and brushes slip-

Revolving field
dc current is supplied to the rotor which makes a rotating electromagnetic field (revolving magnet) inside the stator, stator becomes the armature (conductor) onto which electrical current is induced. more practical since the current required to supply a field is much smaller & there is reduced sparking and arching across brush and commutator assembly

Generator Parts
Prime mover: mechanical work which turns the rotor, may mover: be a steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel engine... Armature windings: the conductor in which the output windings: voltage is induced Field windings: the conductors used to produce the windings: electromagnetic field (needs a DC power supply) Stator: stationary housing of the generator Stator: Rotor: rotates inside the stator, moved by a prime mover Rotor: (steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel) Sliding contacts (slip-rings and brushes): used to conduct (slipbrushes): the field or armature current to and from the rotor Commutator - maintains output current in one direction (DC generators)

Revolving Armature
(Low Power/Voltage)

Revolving Field

Relationship Between Generator Speed and Frequency

Most electrical equipment in the United States operates on 60 Hz AC electrical power (many foreign countries use 50 Hz) How fast must a 2-pole generator be 2rotating to produce a 60 Hz output?

N x P = 120 x f
N - rpm P - poles f - frequency (Hz)

Classifying AC Generators
Number of phases: most shipboard electrical phases: power is 3 phase, this is more reliable plus loss of one phase will not cause a loss of equipment operability Frequency: most shipboard electrical power is 60 Frequency: Hz, some electronic equipment operate at 400 Hz or higher Voltage: usually 450 V, smaller appliances use Voltage: 120 V Power rating: measured in kW, most shipboard rating: generators are 2,000 - 3,000 kW

ThreeThree-Phase Electrical Power

Uses three sets of armature windings to produce three separate outputs Armature windings are physically separated 120o from each other, and therefore, each phase is 120o apart from another More power may be generated by a generator of a given size and weight Provides continuous power to electrical equipment even if one phase is damaged

3 Phase

Three Phase
1.5000 1.0000

0.5000

0.0000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Sine Sine + 120 Sine + 240

-0.5000

-1.0000

-1.5000

AC Motors

Synchronous Motor
Constructed exactly like a generator In a synchronous motor, the field is on the stator

Synchronous Motor

Induction Motor
Induction motor - simple, reliable and cheap Difference - the construction of the rotor Rotating field generated on stator No slip-rings or external source of power to slipthe rotor Ideal for constant speed, varying torque applications

Induction Motor

Other Electrical Devices

Batteries
Dry-cell batteries: cylindrical zinc Drycontainer, carbon electrode, and ammonium chloride/water electrolyte Wet-cell batteries: lead-acid battery is the Wetleadmost common, can be charged by forcibly changing the direction of electrical current

LeadLead-acid Battery
+ PbO2 Load Pb

H2SO4

Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4

p 2PbSO4 + 2H20 n

Transformers
A device that transfers energy by electromagnetic induction Primary windings (receive energy from AC source) and secondary windings (delivers energy to the load) (insulated from each other electrically) are mounted on opposite sides of a ferromagnetic core Used to raise voltage (step-up transformer) or lower (stepvoltage (step-down transformer) (step Voltage is raised when the primary winding has fewer turns than the secondary winding, and voltage is lowered when the primary winding has more turns than the secondary winding

A Simple Transformer

PRIMARY WINDING

SECONDARY WINDING

CORE

Rectifiers
Uses diodes to convert alternating current into direct current Diodes have a small resistance to current flow in one direction and a very large resistance to current flow in the opposite direction (act as a conductor for half of the cycle and as an insulator for the other half)

Rectifying Device Output

I t I t

INPUT
DIODE

OUTPUT

Voltage Kills
It is the volume of the current that flows that kills. 0.001 amps = 1 milliamp Tingles 0.01 amps = 10 milliamps Severe shock, shock, uncontrolled muscle spasms 0.1 amps = 100 milliamps DEATH! DEATH! If the current passes through vital organs such as the heart.

AC vs DC
AC power is easier to generate and requires less complex equipment (smaller machines) AC energy can be used in transformers to step up or step down voltages where DC energy cannot DC can be stored for reserve use, i.e. the ships battery!!!

Summary