Beruflich Dokumente
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How dam works? Create a permanent reservoir of water to be used at some later date.
BEAVER
History of Dam Construction As per Archaeological evidences 3000 to 5000 yrs. For Irrigation purpose Built out of logs, buttressed with twigs and branches and sealed with mud and stone. Called as Beaver dams.
Classification Of Dams According to Material of Construction Earth dams Rockfill dams Solid Masonry gravity dams Hollow masonry gravity dams (RCC deck and arches) Timber dams Steel dams Roller compacted Concrete dams
Classification of Dams (Contd.) (Contd.) According to Resisting Action Gravity Dam Arch dam Buttress Dam
Advantages
Can be constructed on any given foundation condition Soil/rock materials locally available are used with negligible processing. Use of costly manufactured items like cement and steel is eliminated and thus saving in cost. Embankment dam is more resistant to seismic forces and are preferred in areas of high seismicity. Embankment dam can be constructed in stages and the dam height can be increased later on easily, if needed. With modern earth moving machineries, the dam can be completed in less time compared to a rigid dam. Embankment dams are generally much cheaper.
Design of Earth & Rockfill Dams Failure Categories Two failure categories are given by ICOLD Type 1 (F1): A major failure involving the complete abandonment of the dam Type 2 (F2): A failure which at the time may have been severe, but yet has permitted extent of damage to be successfully repaired and the dam brought into use again.
Design of Earth & Rockfill Dams Failure Modes Overtopping of embankment Piping through embankment Piping through Foundation Slope failure Erosion of slopes due to water waves or storm water
Design of Earth & Rockfill Dams Failure of Large Embankments during Operation Stage (Foster et al. 1998, 2000) Overtopping 34.2% Piping through embankment Piping through embankment into foundation Piping through Foundation Slope failure Other 32.5% 1.7%
15.4% 6% 12.8%
Design of Earth & Rockfill Dams Failure of Large Embankments Overtopping Seepage effect, Piping and Sloughing Slope Slides Conduit Leakage Damage to slope Paving Miscellaneous Unknown 30% 25% 15% 13% 5% 7% 5%
Reasons for cracking Unsuitable/poorly compacted fill Different compressibility and stress- strain characteristics of fill material Variation in thickness of fill
Alignment
Excessive skewness of dam axis with respect to valley alignment shall be avoided. Divergence of abutment contours with respect to dam axis shall be avoided. In case undesirable contour orientation, abutment shall be excavated in core contact and transitions to get a maximum 90 with the axis.
Foundation
Entire foundation area has to stripped of top soil, roots etc. In shell portion removal of overburden may be necessary, if overburden material is so week that it can slide of cause excessive settlement of shell which may result in cracking of core. Overburden shall be removed down to the material which in physical properties is equal to or better than shell material
Slope modification to reduce differential settlement & cracking of core For core foundation: to allow compaction of earthfill; to allow maintenance of positive pressure of the earthfill on the abutment; to limit cracking of the earth core due to differential settlement over large discontinuities in the abutments.
Free Board
Vertical Distance between the crest of embankment (excluding camber) and still reservoir water surface. Factors to be considered for freeboard Wave height and wave length Height of wind set-up above still water level Slope of dam and roughness of pitching Analysis to determine extra free board to take care the effect of earthquake, settlement of dam and foundation
Top Width
Fixed as per requirement of working space. Shall not be less than 6m W=3.6H1/3-3(m)
Settlement Allowance
Settlement in the Rock fill dam depends upon many factors: - Foundation characteristics - Core and shell material characteristics - layer thickness, - rate of construction, - methodology for construction, - dam height - quality control exercised during execution.
Settlement Allowance
Settlement of 14 rockfill dams were found to range 0.25% to 1% of dam hieght. (Sowers et.al.) Settlement from a number of rock fill dams, (Lawton et. al, 8th ICOLD) s= 0.001h3/2 (Kol Dam 2.15m.) IS:8826-1978, total settlement equal to 1 to 2% of height. As per Norwegian practice, expected settlement including a certain margin of safety is about 1% of height for well compacted fill founded on rock.
Earth Core Width depends on tolerable seepage loss; minimum width which will allow proper construction; the type of material chosen for the core and shoulders of the dam design of proposed filter layers
Earth Core Width of 30% to 50% of the head of water have proved satisfactory on many dams under diverse conditions. Cores of this width are adequate for any soil type and dam height. Width of 15% to 20% of the head of water are considered thin. However, when adequately designed and constructed filter layers are used, then the core is satisfactory under most circumstances. Widths of less than 10% of the head of water are not used widely and should only be used when a large leak through the core would not lead to failure of the dam.
Earth Core Minimum top width of the core 3m Top level of core should be 1 m higher than MWL Material Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, Clayey Silt With some Gravels
Earth Core Material Inorganic clay, Gravelly clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, with medium to low plasticity High plasticity clay, Clayey or Silty gravel, poorly graded gravels- sand silt mixture Inorganic silts with low, medium or high plasticity Organic soils and Peat Not Sutable
Earth Core Material Dispersive soils Dispersive soils by nature of mineralogy and the chemistry of water in the soil are susceptible to separation of the individual clay particles and subsequent erosion. Different from erodible soils like silt or sand which erode by physical action
Earth Core Material ICOLD (1990) suggested that dams can be built with dispersive soils also but with Properly designed and constructed filters Proper compaction of soil Lime or Gysum modification of soil Sealing of crack in the abutment and cut-off trenches High turbidity of reservoir water
Rockfill
Material Hard, sound and durable Resistance to excessive break down during handling, placement and compaction Un-weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks are most suitable Shales are not suitable. Angular and bulky rocks preferred over flat elongated rocks and rounded boulders
Rockfill
Material Well graded gravels or Gravel sand mixtures; with little or no fines. Silty gravel, poorly graded gravels- sand silt mixture Poorly graded gravel or gravel sand mixture; with little or no fines
Design of Rockfill Dams Seepage Control Measures Zoning of Materials Chimney drain Blanket Drain Collector drain Toe drain Grout Curtain Core Trench Cut off Surry Trench Cut-off Upstream Blanket Gallery Pressure relief Wells and Trenches
EL. 648 1
Spillway PI Dam
11 10 9 4
Grout Curtain
3 8 5 6 7
12
Diversion Tunnels
SP- 2
15
Diversion Tunnels 14
1 3
Plugs
13
2 1
D -2 A
SP- 1
4 3
D -1 A
12 5 8 9 10 16 11
Filter Design Filter material should satisfy the following criteria Shall be more pervious than base material Gradation shall be such that base material do not totally migrate through and clog the filter Category of Base Soil Category 1 2 3 4 % Finer than 75 > 85 40-85 15-39 <15
Filter Design -
75
75mm
Placement of Filter -
Design of Earth and Rockfill Dams Stability Analysis Limit Equilibrium Method Circular Arc Method Sliding Wedge Method
Numerical Methods
Finite Element Method Finite Difference Method
Design of Earth and Rockfill Dams Stability Analysis Critical Cases Construction condition with or without partial pool (for upstream and downstream slopes) Reservoir partial pool (for upstream slope) Sudden Drawdown (for upstream slope) Steady seepage (downstream slope) Steady Seepage with sustained rain fall (for downstream slope) Earthquake condition (upstream and downstream slope)
Design of Earth and Rockfill Dams Stability Analysis Shear Strength for Analysis Design Condition End of Construction Sudden Drawdown Steady Seepage Earthquake Shear Strength UU or CU CU and CD CU or CD Min. F.S. 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0
Situations Loads
Reservoir Earthquake
Conditions
Normal Extreme
FWL
(OWL)
HWL O.B.E.
MDE
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
225 cm 80 cm 60 cm
20 cm
20 cm 35 cm
35 cm
50 cm
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
Design of Rockfill Dams Earth and Rockfill Dams Kol Dam HEPP
85 cm 175 cm 20 cm 70cm
20 cm 35 cm 85 cm
75 cm 20 cm
D A- 1
700
650
660
325
655
985
753
1 480
640 630 620 61 0 600 590 580 570 560 550 540 530 520 51 0 500 490 480 470 460
626.00
1 63630
65273
1 500
1 52 1
225362
61 5.00 2871 5
1
353
5288
580.00
1 0.73
1 .20
557.00
42297
G E D XC SU G STE E AVATIO LIN N E
421 0 1
1 1 .08 1 1 .29 500.00
495.00 73949
1 1 .75
481 .00
1
91 645
33360
65540
4.45 62436
. D M 450 M ATU
MAIN DAM
El. 648 M (163 m High)
El. 558 M
UPSTREAM
CLAY 20.62
QUARTZITE 7.89
GRAVEL 32.61