Sie sind auf Seite 1von 38

What is Paddywack ?

Chiefly derogatory. An Irishman. 1773 R. MORRIS Diary 10 Nov. in Radical Adventurer (1971) 95 One fine Paddy-whack, fit for the plough & about 35 years of age, with whom we drank Chocolate at a fine Convent. 1789 A. PASQUIN Poems II. 163 Like a Jew or Bramin with Father O'Leary..Tis a wonderful mixture of whiskey and sack, One half's Rubinelli, the restPaddy Whack. 1795 J. MURDOCK Truimphs of Love III. 61 And, shir Dick, if you call me Paddy-Whack again, I'll make you sale the weight of an Irish fist upon your English pate. 1811 Lexicon Balatronicum at Whack, A paddywhack; a stout brawney Irishman. 1856 THACKERAY Let. 15 Mar. (1946) III. 585 Only a malignant blundering Paddywhack could write in this way. 1886 N. & Q. 15 May 388 In my early days every Irishman was known as Paddywhack . 1999 UNIX Rev. (Nexis) 1 Oct. 9 Jock (another ethnic slur to the supersensitive?) might well have used Paddy without offending his friend. But in other contexts, mick , paddy , paddywack , jock , and so on do need care.

What is Liverpool English AKA Scouse ?


Sociological Issues What people and groups came to Liverpool? Where did they come from? What languages and dialects did they speak? How the indigenous population responded to them

"The Irish Frankenstein", Punch, v (1843), p. 199

What is Liverpool English AKA Scouse ?


Sociological Issues What people and groups came to Liverpool? Where did they come from? What languages and dialects did they speak? How the indigenous population responded to them What types of social networks were involved How strong where these groups sense of identity

Source: Neal (1998)

What is Liverpool English AKA Scouse PT II?


Linguistic structure issues The Linguistic features of the languages and dialects spoken by the in-comers. What happens when similar structural features come into contact What happens when different structural features come into contact

Scouse philology 1. Knowles, G. 1973 2. Honeybone 3. K. Watson 2007 Sociolinguistics 1. Trudgill (1984; 1986; 1990) 2. Labov (1972 2006) English Accents Orton (1962)

New Dialect Formation


Koineisation Unmarking Interdialect Development
(Le Page and Tabouret-Keller 1985; Siegel 1985; Trudgill 1986; Trudgill & Britain (forthcoming); Trudgill et al. 1998, 2000a, 2000b and 2003 inter alia).

ISOGLOSS Ellis 1887

ISOGLOSS Trudgill 1999

BRIEF ENCOUNTER THE BEGINNING OF THE END SCENE..flv

RP
The Queen s English, BBC English, Oxford English Accents not a Dialect , RP speakers speak STANDARD ENGLISH 2% of the population speak RP Less in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales TEFL and phonemic transcriptions Changed

Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical

Vowels

Consonants

Perceptions of Scouse

Scouse has influenced middle and working class speech throughout Merseyside, and is spreading beyond its former boundaries. It is spreading north to Southport, north-east to Maghull, Lydiate and Ormskirk, east to St Helens and south-east beyond Halewood to Runcorn and Widnes. Over the water it has ousted the traditional dialect of Wirral, particularly on the Mersey bank down to Ellesmere Port and beyond. It is also having influence across Chester and Wrexham into North Wales.
(Knowles, 1973: 14)

The

th 19

Century and Liverpool

Indeed, Liverpool English is how it is today largely because of the major changes in the population of the city in the nineteenth century. Without these changes in the city, the accent would be very different. K. Watson (2008)

Liverpool
Year 1561 1663-1673 1708 1773 1790 Population 690 (in 138 cottages) C1,000 6,435 34,407 53,853 Estimated from Lawton (1953:120-122) Taken from Knowles (1973: 17) Source McIntyre-Brown & Woodland (2001)

19thC Liverpool
Source: Census returns, taken from Neal (1982: 2)
1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 77, 653 94, 376 118, 972 165, 175 286,656 375,955 443,938 493,405 552,508 517,980 684,958

Ethnic Groups in 19thC. Liverpool


Sources: Munro & Sim (2001: 25); Neal (1988), Knowles (1973:22)
Year 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 Population 286,656 375,955 443,938 493, 405 552, 508 517, 980 684, 958 % Irish Born 17.3 22.3 18.9 15.6 12.8 9.1 6.7 % Welsh Born ? 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.4 3.0 % Scots Born ? 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.5

19th Century Irish Migrants: Origins, & Social/Ethnic Status


The Famine immigration increased the size of existing Irish settlements in Victorian Britain and created new ones. Despite the fact that many did climb up the social and income ladders, it is flying in the face of all the evidence to deny that most remained in poor paid, unskilled jobs. The areas of British towns in which most Catholics lived were characteristically the poorest parts of the town. This was the case until the slum clearance programme of the 1960 s. In many areas, local politics were coloured by the presence of large numbers of Catholics. Neal (1997: 76-77)

Gob, (meaning mouth )


marked in the OED as orig.obsc., but it has such strong parallels with Irish gob that a Celtic etymology cannot be entirely ruled out. The word in Irish, for instance, is defined by Dnaill as:

1.(b) (Of mouth) gob a chur ort fin, to protrude one s lips, to pout, to put on a severe expression; T gob gar, nimheach uirthi, she has a sharp, a severe expression (about the mouth) ; Bh a anil i mbarr a ghoib (leis), he was out of breath, panting ; T s ar bharr a ghoib aige, he has it on the tip of his tongue .

Gob
Orton & Wright (1974: 266)

Morphological and syntactical changes


Irish English Influence on the Morpho-Syntax of Urban Northern Englishes (you (pl.)) vs. (yous(e);yiz;yees;yez).
Harris (1993: 139) In some dialects, particularly those spoken in Ireland, as well as others with Irish connections, we find the vernacular form youse Hickey (forthcoming: 255) it is known that the form youse is of Irish English origin (this form is not found in historical forms of British English) so that its occurrence in forms of southern hemisphere English....points clearly to an Irish origin in these varieties.

Origins of Yous
Joyce (1910: 88): The dropping of thou was a distinct loss to the English language: for now you has to do double duty - for both singular and plural which sometimes leads to obscurity. The Irish try to avoid this obscurity by various devices.....Accepting the you as singular, they have created new forms for the plural such as yous, yez, yis, which do not sound pleasant to a correct speaker, but are very clear in sense.

Origins of yous in Irish English


Dolan (1999: 292): In Irish there is both a singular and a plural second person pronoun, as there used to be in English, viz. t (you sg.) versus sibh (you pl.)

Nurse/North Merger
It is the effect of uvular /r/ on a preceding vowel which has historically given rise to forms such as [b dz] birds, [w mz] worms in Northumberland: the [ ] has not only coalesced with the vowel, making it uvularized, but has also caused it to be retracted from centre to back. (Wells 1982: pp.369-370)

Evidence of Nurse/North Merger in Irish English


Patterson (1860) represents the Belfast pronunciation of turpentine as torpentine (Harris (1985:209)). William Dean Howellss An Imperative Duty (1891): the word sir is represented as sor and first appears as forst in the speech of the Irish manservant. Joyce (1910:78) notes that Wor is very usual in the south [of Ireland] for were. Macafee (1996): bird/bord, burn/born (vb.), church/chorch, dirt/dort, further/ford(h)er, turf/torf, urchin/orchin

Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical

LE Phonemes: Vowels

LE vowel: some generalisations


1. the high front vowel /i/ is pronounced as long and tense in any context; for instance, even in words like city or pity; 2. the central open-mid vowel is fronted, so that words such as her and hair have the same sound; 3. the open-mid back vowel is centralized, therefore, there is homophony between words such as luck and look.

Lenition
As well as these aspirated and preaspirated variants, there is an additional range of plosive realisations which are more or less unique to Liverpool. Most of these realisations can be described as processes of LENITION a term frequently used to group together a series of phonological weakenings which turn underlying plosives into affricates and fricatives (see e.g. Lass 1984; Harris 1990, 1994; Honeybone 2002). Indeed, plosive lenition is arguably one of the most characteristic features of Liverpool English, and one which forms a major part of the variety s stereotype.

An affricated /t/ (circled) in word-initial position in the speaker s production of the word two .

Rhotic
Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds, are nonlateral liquid consonants. LE lot of

Voiceless uvular fricative

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen