SUSTAINABILITY

CARBON FOOTPRINTS IN THE JUICE SECTOR

OR

World Juice Conference

October 16, 2008 - Barcelona, Spain JUICE TECHNICAL SEMINAR Bureau Coucou, L. LAPIERRE (laurent.lapierre@couecou.fr)

Earth atmosphere
-

Average composition 2001-2005 (in 1800) N2 O2 Ar H2O 30 Km CO2 Ne He Kr CH4 Xe 78.08 % 20.94 % 0,93 % 0-4% 0,038 % 18.18 ppm 5.24 ppm 1.14 ppm 1.75 ppm 0.087 ppm 0.04 ppm
2

(0.028)

(0.77 )

Atmospheric lifetime : CO2 = 50 -200 years CH4 = 12 years SF6 > 3000 years

O3

others : NH3, CO, SF6

The green house effect

HR Heat exchanges into Sun/Earth system Infrared energy

20 % 19 % Telluric heating 51% 4+6 % 50%

Earth surface temperature (average 15C)

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green house effect (GHE) : gas involved

6 gases were targeted by the Kyoto protocol

Gas

origin fossil energy, forest loss organic material, gas, waste, combustion, coal mines fertilizers, biomass combustion/fermentation Aerosols, propellers, refrigerants, solvents chemical and electronic industry, refrigerants plastic industry, insulation

Global Warming Potential* 1 25 298 43 -12 000

CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs CnF2n+2 SF6

5700 -11900 22 000

*over 100 years
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(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001-2007)

Historical data

Global warming

The Consequences
(example)

Church, J.A. and White, N.J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L01602

Corrective actions
International organizations reactions
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (192 member states)

Kyoto Protocol (1997): 37 countries and the EU to reduce GHG emissions to an average of 5% against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.

Next : 30 November 2009:

Corrective actions
Sustainability and eco friendly behaviors are becoming rapidly crucial aspects for : Industries, Businesses, Administrations, NGOs, Consumers
New regulations and eco taxes are implemented Environmental responsibility, Green marketing / Green washing are generalized (after having been sometimes marginalized)

A worldwide

race has started !

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Methodologies able to estimate environmental impacts of goods production

1. Carbon footprint quantification
The aim is to quantify greenhouse gas emissions emitted by all the processes needed for a given activity. Proper limits have to be set up, but any emission (direct or indirect) have to be considered, wherever their location. Its a calculated estimation (20%) obtained from the own data of the activity. From the analysis of all emissions factors, results are expressed as : Carbon Equivalent or CO2 Equivalent 3,67 = 44 (M CO2)/ 12 (M C)

X 3,67

Carbon footprint : Equivalences and units

Eq. CO2 (per 1 kg of gaz) GHG = GWP (100 years) CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs CnF2n+2 SF6 43 1 25 298 12000 0,273 6,81 81,2 11,7 - 3269 1553 -3242 5994 Eq. C (per 1 kg of gaz)

5700 - 11900 22000

Perturbation effect of the gas is expressed versus CO2 (reference gas), cumulated over a period of 100 years: it is the Global Warming Potential, GWP ( 35%). Ex : releasing 1 MT of CH4 has the same effect of releasing 25 MT of CO2

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Carbon footprint study

Food miles quantification Energy consumption and sources

Fuel : n Km with X lit. carburant = y Eq CO2

energy

Energy: n KW/h from X energy type = Z Eq CO2 Fuel

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Carbon footprint study

Example of Good natured orange juices Parallel study of 1 nfc orange juice and 1 juice made from concentrate from their production in Costa Rica to their packing in UK System boundaries for the orange juice from concentrate Concentration + freezing Transport to Dutch storage <frozen> storage <frozen> Transport to UK packer <ambient> Reconstitution and pasteurization filling
(squeezing excluded for both)

System boundaries for the orange juice not from concentrate Pasteurization Transport to Dutch storage <chilled> storage <chilled> Transport to UK packer <chilled> Pasteurization filling

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Carbon footprint study

Kg CO2 Eq. per 1000 lit. juice Areas
Costa Rica

Process concentration pasteurisation freezing

Juice from conc 16 n/a 24 12,2 19,1 0,5 1,4 0,5 0,8 3,7 91,4 170

NFC juice n/a 185,5 n/a 60,4 109 3 7,7 3 5,8 21,9 114 510
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C.Rica

Netherlands

Truck to port Shipping to NL Truck to cold stores Storage Truck to port Shipping to UK Truck to Packer Reconstitution/ Past TOTAL ( g CO2 Eq. /Lit.)

The Netherlands

To UK UK

Methodologies 2. Life cycle assessment

Normalized ISO method = ISO 14040:2006 (E)

Aimed to quantify environmental impacts of all product-related activities. it is a cradle-to-grave approach, begins with all raw materials inputs from the earth to create the product and ends at the point when all materials are returned to the earth.

It is a compilation of all materials and energies flux taken or emitted into the environment at each stage of the life cycle : energy and non renewable resources consumption, air acidification, introduction into ecosystem perturbing agents 14 Eutrophication

Life cycle assessment

Examples from the juice sector
Tetra Pack study released in April 2008

Emissions in Air, water, ground Full production of packaging production Raw materials Distribution to shops Filling

Natural energy and non energy resources

End of life, recycling

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Fruit Juices : impacts per packaging material

Tetra Pak impacts are normalized to 100 %, 16

Fruit Juices : impacts per packaging material

Plastic bottle

Glass bottle

Tetra Prisma and PET 250 ml

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Methodologies
E. H. Schlich, Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2005

Comparison of Juices from : Brazil (orange juice concentrate) England, Poland, Italy and Germany (apple juice conc.) kWh/l
Specific energy

Food miles against Ecology of Scale ?

Fruit tons

Energy turnover in kWh per lit. versus fruit tonnage in Metric tons per year Production (x) Production + transports + distribution ()

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CO2 Eq of juices and drinks : others examples

Reduced of 17% due to the study

CO2 Eq
Tesco Pure Orange Juice (3x200ml) Tesco Pure Orange Juice (1 lit.) Tesco Orange Juice From Conc (1 lit.) Tesco Squeezed Orange Juice (1 lit.)

220 g 240 g 260 g 360 g

per carton per 250ml per 250ml per 250ml

is planning to label all products (!?)

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CO2 Eq of some drinks

150 g/ 33cl can

Citrus soft drink

800 g/l

600 g/l 650 g/l

Light version gives 330 g/l

Beer

330 g/l Impact on global warming potential (for E.U. 25 states)* : FOOD 31%

Frozen fruits, fruit juices and vegetables: 0.7%

Bottled and canned soft drinks: 0,9 %

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*From The EIPRO report (2006) :

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ipp/pdf/eipro_report.pdf

Conclusion
Detailed analysis of the whole supply chain provides an efficient mean to quantify its impacts on warming via carbon foot print or others environmental impacts indicators The study outcome leads to environmental oriented optimizations and carbon footprint data helps in reducing the carbon balance of the production systems Example in Brazil: minimal waste, energy matrix exclusively based on renewable sources (in house biomass, bio fuel) instead of fossil fuel, trees planting, bulk efficiency, wild areas preservation Photosynthesis = C sequestration
C6H12O6+ 6 O2+ 6 (H2O) 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

Keep on planting more trees and maintaining orchards 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

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Data collected and presented by

Sales and services in the juice industry

Thanks for your attention

Laurent LAPIERRE
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