COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION Fingerprint

HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTS
The fingerprints had its origin in China, where it was in vogue for many centuries. The Chinese employed the finger print system for the signing of contracts on the part of the illiterate. Infants at that time were recorded for fingerprints for personal identification.

The Chinese were all acquainted with the essential characteristics of fingerprints. Emperor Tein Shi, B.C 249-210 was the first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade, on one side of it was the name of the owner, and on the other side the impression of his thumb. Such seal were used in sealing documents has a sign of authencity.

EARLY STUDY IN FINGERPRINT

MARCELO MALPIGHI 1628-1694



Published a book entitled DE EXTERNO TACTUS ORGANO, he is an Italian anatomist, noted for his discovery of the inner (epidermis) and the outer (dermis) structures of the skin.

HERMAN WELCKER 1856



Took the prints of his own palms and after forty one years (1879) he printed the same palms to prove that prints do not change.

JAHANNES F. PURKENJI


Professor on the University of Breslau (Germany), described ridges giving them names and established certain rules for their classification and unidentified nine (9) different patterns although he does not refer to it as used in identification.

SIR WILLIAM HERSHEL 1858



District of Bengal, India, printed the palm of natives as to avoid impersonation and as a substitute to signature

SIR FRANCIS GALTON 1822-1911



Is credited with the first scientist of friction skin identification as well as his role promoting its used. He discover the 3 families of fingerprint patterns. ARCH, LOOP & WHORL.

SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY 1859-1931



He was appointed as Assistant Commissioner at Scotland Yard and was later credited as the Father of Fingerprint for his system was widely accepted in almost all English-Speaking countries.

JOHN DILLENGER
He was the bank robber during the 1930s and considered as a dangerous criminal in the Midwestern United States because of his graceful movements such as leaping over the counter and known as the US Notorious Public Enemy No.1 that tried to remove his fingerprints with the used of an acid but failed.

INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCES



It is the first private school to provide laboratory for instructional purposes in Dactyloscopy.

FINGERPRINTS


Is an impression or reproduction of ridges of the first joint of fingers or thumb which is made visible through the medium of sweat, ink or ingredients capable of producing visibility.

FINGERPRINTING
 Is

the process of securing an impression of the papillary ridges of the fingers, for purposes of identification

PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS

PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY


The papillary ridges are immutable, perennial or individual for the third month of the embryonic period till decomposition sets in after death.

Immutable- unchangeable, invariable Perennial- lasting or continuing, permanent.

PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION


That no two prints of the different persons nor the neighboring fingers of the same person have ever been found to be the identical in all respects.

PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY
 That

means fingerprint cannot be changed.

RELATED SCIENCES IN FINGERPRINTS

 

POROSCOPY- deals with the study of sweat pores CHIROSCOPY- deals with the study of palm of the hand PODOSCOPY- deals with the study of soles of the feet DACTYLOSCOPY- study of classification of fingerprints. DACTYLOGRAPHY- deals with the study of fingerprint as a means of identification.

TYPES OF FINGERPRINT PATTERN AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

GENERAL TYPES OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

I. ARCHES


PLAIN ARCH TENTED ARCH

PLAIN ARCH


It is a type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridge flow or tend to flow from one side of the impression to the other with a rise in the center

TENTED ARCH


It is a type of fingerprint pattern in which ridges centers upon one side of the impression and flow or tend to flow out upon the other side as in a plain arch; however the ridges at the center do not.

II. LOOP
-A loop is that type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of the impression, re curve, touch or pass an imaginary line drown from the delta to the core, and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression from which such ridges or ridges entered.

Three (3) basic characteristics of a loop There must be a delta  A sufficient re-curve ridge passing or touching the imaginary line drawn between the core and delta.  There must be at least a ridge count of one.


DELTA


Called as the outer terminus which may be found by bifurcation or ridges; by a ridge line abruptly deviating in its course; by the short ridge, between the typelines.

RIDGE


Tiny elevations or hill like structures found in the epidermis containing pores. It appears as a clack lines in the fingerprint impression

CORE


Called as the inner terminus which serves as characteristics pointing ridge counting to determine the number of ridge intervening between the core and the delta.

ULNAR LOOP


An ulnar loop is one in which the downward slant of the ridges are from the thumb toward the little finger or ulnar bone

III. WHORL
   

PLAIN WHORL CENTRAL POCKET LOOP DOUBLE LOOP ACCIDENTAL LOOP

RADIAL LOOP


A radial loop is one in which the downward slant of the ridge or ridges are from the little finger toward the thumb or radius bone

PLAIN WHORL


It is a type of fingerprint pattern w/c has 2 deltas & at least 1 ridge making a complete pattern circuit, w/c may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn bet. 2 deltas must touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the pattern area.

CENTRAL POCKET LOOP



It is a type of fingerprint pattern of the whorl group which has 2 deltas and at least 1 ridge making a complete circuit w/c may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of circle. An imaginary line drawn bet. 2 deltas must not touch or cross any of the re-curving ridges w/in the inner pattern area.

DOUBLE LOOP


It is a type of fingerprint pattern belonging to the whorl group. The double loop consist of two separate loop formations, with two separate and distinct sets of shoulder and deltas

ACCIDENTAL WHORL


The accidental whorl is a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of patterns, with two or more deltas; or a pattern which possesses some of the requirements for two or more types; or a pattern which conforms to none of the definition.

HOW LONG DOES THE LATENT IMPRESSION OF A PERSON LAST.

1.Atmospheric Condition

-If the latent print is exposed to sun, it

dries up easily, if exposed to rain, it evaporates easily. To make it dry you should use electric fan.

2. CONDITION OF THE PERSON LEAVING THE IMPRESSION

-Usually a criminal leaves a clearer impression at the scene of the crime. Due to his excitement to leave the crime scene at once, he perspires more and the print left is clear. Younger persons leaves a clear impression than an older person, because fingers of older ones are no longer oily and does not perspires more.

3. NATURE OF THE OBJECT TOUCH, IT MUST BE NON-POROUS OBJECT.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED
1.

Two (2) fester brush for dark and light color

2. Transparent tape

3. Variety of fingerprint powders

4. Iodine fuming

5. Inking slab

6.Osmic acid

7. 3% silver nitrate

8. Fingerprint card

9.Fingerprint ink rubber roller

10. Fingerprint ink

11.Slab and roller cleaner