Robertson A.

Laban Physics Department Adamson University

ELECTROMAGNETISM
The study of the forces acting between charges in motion. Physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism. One of the fundamental forces of nature along with the gravitational force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.

 Electricity
Phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.

Magnetism
Phenomenon exhibited by magnets.

ELECTRICITY

Electrostatics
Study of charges nearly at rest.

Electrodynamics
Study of charges in motion.

ELECTRIC CHARGE
Fundamental quantity of electrostatics. Carried by certain subatomic particles, such as protons and electrons. First observed by Ancient Greeks, Thales of Miletus (600 B.C.), after polishing amber with a piece of wool or fur. After rubbing the amber, which created a static electric charge, other light objects such as straw or feathers stuck to the amber. The SI unit of charge is Coulomb (C) in honor of Charles Augustin de Coulomb.

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

1. Charge comes in two and only two types.
Positive charge (+) happens when an atom has greater number of proton than electron (cation). Negative charge (-) happens when an atom has greater number of electron than proton (anion).

2. Charge is conserved
Charge can be separated and can be transferred from one matter to another, but they can neither be created nor destroyed.

3. Charge is quantized
Charge comes in integer multiples with elementary charge, e = 1.6 x10 -19 C. Charge of proton (e= 1.6 x10 -19 C) Charge of electron (e= -1.6 x10 -19 C)

Unit: Coulomb (C)

Where, q= amount of charge (C) n= number of particles e = elementary charge (e= 1.6 x10 -19 C)

Ex. A carbon nucleus has 12 protons. Calculate the amount of charge.

Solution:

Given: n= 12 e = 1.6 x10 -19 C

   

Required: q

4. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

ELECTRIC CHARGE AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Atom - basic unit of matter
that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons Mostly empty space At normal condition, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Therefore, the net charge of an atom is zero. Mass of neutron = Mass of proton = 1.67x10-27 Kg Mass of electron = 9.1x10-31 Kg

CHARGING (IONIZATION OF CHARGE)

Process that involves transfer of electron from one body to another. The object that loses electrons is said to be positively charged while the object that gained is negatively charged.

1. Charging by Friction (rubbing)

Example: rubbing a glass rod with a silk, the loosely held particle of glass rod will likely to transfer to silk. Silk will become negatively charge since it gains electron, while the glass rod will become positively charge due to electron losses.

2. Charging by Conduction
neutrally charged object will gain a charge if it is in direct contact with a charged object.

3. Charging by Induction
redistribution of electrical charge in an object caused by influence by nearby charges.

 Ex. If sphere A has a charge of +5 C and sphere B has a charge of +2 C, what is the charge on each sphere after A is touched to B and then removed?

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER BASED ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

1. Conductors
Allows the flow of charges. Some of the electrons are free electrons that can move freely from one atom to another. Has fewer than four valence electron (electron on the outermost shell of an atom) Example: Copper ( 1 valence electron)

2. Insulators
Resists the flow of charges. Electron are bound to atoms and cannot move freely through another atom. Have more than four valence electrons. Example: Phosporus (5 valence electrons)

3. Semiconductors
normally an insulator but may become conductor at certain condition. exactly has four valence electron. Example: Germanium (4 valence electrons)

ELECTRIC FORCE (Fe ) AND COULOMBS LAW

The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Unit: Newton (N) Where,

Fe = electric force q1 = test charge; experiencing the effect of the other charge/s near it. (C) q2 = charge exerting the force on the test charge (C) r = radial distance between two charges (m) k = proportionality constant (k = 9x109 N.m2/C2)
0=

electric permittivity of free space (

0=

8.85x10-12C2/N.m2)

 Ex. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is in orbit about the nuclear proton at a radius of 5.29x10-11m. Determine the speed of the electron, assuming the orbit to be circular.

Ex. Two charges are located on the positive x-axis of a coordinate system 4 cm apart as shown in the figure where q1 = 3x10-9 C and q2 = -5x10-9 C. Calculate the electric force experienced by q2 due to q1.

Given: q1 = 3x10-9 C q2 = -5x10-9 C r = 4cm = 0.04 m k=9x109 N.m2/C2

Required: Fe Solution:

Fe = 8.4x10-5 N, to the left

 Ex. Two charges are located on the positive x-axis of a coordinate system as shown. Charge q2= 3x10-9 C and q3= -5x10-9 C. What is the total force exerted by these two charges on a charge q1= 2x10-9 C located at the origin?

Ex. Given the figure, calculate the net electrical force of charges q2 = -2x10-5 C and q3= 4x10-5 C on q1 =3x10-5 C.

ELECTRIC FIELD (E)

Region or space that surrounds an electric charge. The electrostatic force experienced by a small test charge placed at that point divided by the charge itself.

Where, q0 = test charge The electric field does not depend on the test charge.

Unit: Newton per Coulomb (N/C)

 Electric fields cannot be seen by our naked eyes, it can only be manifested. Electric Field Lines used to show the magnitude and the direction of electric field. emanate in all direction outward from the positive charge and inward to a negative charge. always begin on a positive charge and end on a negative charge and do not stop in mid space. the number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge no two field lines can cross.

 Ex. Consider the situation of the figure below. Where in the region between the charges where the net electric field is zero.

 Ex. A 2 C charge is 1x104 m to the right of a -4 C charge. Calculate the electric field (magnitude and direction) at a point 2x104 m to the right of the positive charge and along line passing the two charges.

-4 C

2 C

1x104 m

2x104 m

 Ex. Four equal magnitude charges (q= 4 C) are placed at the four corners of a square that is 20 cm on each side. Find the electric field intensity at the center of the square if the charges are all positive.

ELECTRIC FLUX (
The product of the magnitude of electric field E and surface area A perpendicular to the field.

E)

Unit: N.m2/ C

GAUSSS LAW
The electric flux through a Gaussian surface is equal to the net charge enclosed in that surface divided by the permittivity of free space.

Where, qenc= enclosed charge (C) electric permittivity of free space ( 0 = 8.85x0-12C2/N.m2) A = Gaussian surface area (m2)
0=

 Ex. What is the diameter of a spherical gaussian surface that enclosed a 4.3x10-11 C charge with an electric field of 5 N/C?

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (Ue) (U

Potential energy associated with coulomb forces. Work done against the electric force in a moving electric charge.

But

So,

substituting we get,

Unit: Joule (J)

If the system consists of more than two charged particles, we can obtain the total potential energy of the system by calculating U for every pair of charges and summing the terms algebraically. For example, the total potential energy of the system of three charges shown in the figure is:

 Ex. Figure below shows three point charges held in fixed positions by forces that are not shown. What is the electric potential energy U of this system of charges? Assume that d = 12 cm and that q1=q, q2= +4q, and q3= -2q, in which q= +150 nC.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL/VOLTAGE (V)

the electric potential energy of a small test charge divided by the charge itself.

Where, q = test charge

Unit: Joule per Coulomb (J/C) or Volt (V)

If several charges exist, their net potential difference is:

The work done by an external agent in moving a charge q through an electric field at constant velocity is:

ELECTRON VOLT (eV)

unit for energy commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics. the energy a charge field system gains or loses when a charge of magnitude e (that is, an electron or a proton) is moved through a potential difference of 1 V.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE / ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) (EMF)

Pushes the electrons so they will f low along the conductor.

Equipotential Surface A surface in which the electric potential is the same everywhere (no potential difference, no current will be produced). The net electric force does no work on a charge as it moves on an equipotential surface.

 Ex. In the given figure, the charge at A is +200 pC, while the charge at B is - 100 pC. (a) Find the absolute potentials at points C and D, (b) How much work must be done to transfer a charge of +500 C from point C to point D?

 Ex. As shown in the figure, a charged particle remains stationary between the two horizontal charged plates. The plate separation is 2.0 cm, and m= 4x10-13 kg and q= 2.4x10-18C for the particle. Find the potential difference between the plates.

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