Quantum Computing

by.. T.Prasanth Kumar Under the guidance of.. Mrs. M.Rajya Lakshmi

Origin..
In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted that number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future. This has held true .. So far The Microprocessor Industry was getting closer to the limits of the current technology.

Introduction
A quantum computer is a device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum mechanics is the theory that describes the behavior of microscopic systems, such as atoms, molecules, and photons

History in brief..
 I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics - Feynman  1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating machines based on the laws of quantum mechanics instead of the laws of classical physics. 1985 - David Deutsch developed the Quantum Turing Machine, showing that quantum circuits are universal. 1994 - Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to factor very large numbers in polynomial time.

 

 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm with O(N) complexity

Data Representation
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

Superposition
A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states denoted by the addition of the state vectors:

Where

and

are complex numbers and

Entanglement
 Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between states within a superposition.  Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> (a superposition of the 0 and 1.) We can entangle the two qubits such that the measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the measurement of the other qubit.

Quantum Gates
 Due to the nature of quantum physics, the destruction of information in a gate will cause heat to be evolved which can destroy the superposition of qubits.  Quantum Gates are similar to classical gates, but do not have a degenerate output. i.e. their original input state can be derived from their output state, uniquely.  They must be reversible.

Hadamard Gate
Simplest gate involves one qubit and is called a Hadamard Gate (also known as a square-root of NOT gate.) Used to put qubits into superposition.

Controlled-Not Gate Controlled A gate which operates on two qubits is called a Controlled-NOT (CN) Gate. If the bit on the control line is 1, invert the bit on the target line.

Controlled Controlled NOT Gate

A gate which operates on three qubits is called a Controlled Controlled NOT (CCN) Gate. Iff the bits on both of the control lines is 1,then the target bit is inverted.

Quantum Cryptography
1) 2) 3) Alice sends 4N random qubits {0,1,+,-} to Bob Bob measures each qubit randomly in 0/1 or +/basis Alice and Bob compare their 4N basis, and continue with b2N outcomes for which the same basis was used Alice and Bob verify the measurement outcomes on random (size N) subset of the 2N bits Remaining N outcomes function as the secrete key

4) 5)

 Alice encodes her information randomly in one of the two

bases For example,

Alice prepares 16 bits 0101100010101100 in the following bases, BAABAABAAAABBBBA Thus the following states are sent to Bob: +10-10+0101+--+0

Alices bits Alices bases States sent

0101100010101100 BAABAABAAAABBBBA +10-10+0101+--+0

Bob receives the stream of qubits and measures each one in a random basis: ABAABAAABABBBBAB
Alices bits Alices bases States sent Bobs bases 0101100010101100 BAABAABAAAABBBBA +10-10+0101+--+0 ABAABAAABABBBBAB

So Bob gets 1-00-0+0+0-+--1+ By comparing Bob and Alice will be left out with 8 bits of 16 which can be filled by the secret key

Conclusion
Quantum computing technology will only continue to improve. This is still science--but it may become technology sooner than we expect. Various researchers are actively looking for new algorithms and communication protocols to exploit the properties of quantum systems. 1. Quantum computer can be used in area of finance. 2. It can be used to solving complex Mathematical problems. 3. Military uses of quantum computer. 4. Google image search.

Future computer..

Thank you..