Research design

Research

design

MAJOR STYLES OF RESEARCH STUDY

MAJOR STYLES OF RESEARCH STUDY

Definition of Research Design



Definition of Research Design

Need for research Design

 Need

for research Design

KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGNS



KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGNS Experimental design

Post-facto design ( Pseudo experiment)

Explanatory or diagnostic or analytical Descriptive

Exploratory or Formulative

Case Study

Factors influencing the Choice of Case Study



Factors influencing the Choice of Case Study

Exploratory or Formulative designs Lowest Order design  Exploratory or Formulative designs Lowest Order design

Descriptive Designs Lower Order designs



Descriptive Designs Lower Order designs

Explanatory or Diagnostic or Analytical designs Higher Order designs



Explanatory or Diagnostic or Analytical designs Higher Order designs

Post-Facto design Higher Order design



Post-Facto design Higher Order design

Experimental Design Highest Order design  Experimental Design Highest Order design

What is Case Study



What is Case Study

DEFINITION OF A CASE STUDY



DEFINITION OF A CASE STUDY

TYPES OF CASE STUDY

Illustrative case studies
describe a domain; use one or two instances to analyze a situation.

Exploratory case studies

undertake them before implementing a large-scale investigation.

Critical instance case studies

examine one or a few sites for one of two purposes.

Program implementation case studies

discern.whether implementation complies with intent

Program effects case studies

determine the impact of programs

Prospective case studies

quasi-experiments In deductive theory testing

Cumulative case studies

aggregate information from several sites collected at different times.

Narrative case studies

present findings in a narrative format

Medical case studies

CASE STUDY


CASE STUDY


Advantages
Case studies give vivid, observing and interesting accounts of a phenomenon. It gives in-depth, penetrating account and cover wide variety of details. Easy to relate the case to a social environment which is not always possible in other designs. It helps to understand latent behavioral pattern. It develops insights into the subject matter, helps to develop hypothesis.

 

EXPLORATORY OR FORMULATIVE DESIGN:

Explores a new knowledge based on researchers first hand observation. The purpose is to achieve new insights into a phenomenon. The new insights that are generated from this design helps to formulate a more precise problem or to develop hypotheses for further definite research. Example - Exploring the ritual practices among adhivasis

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN:

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN:

DIAGNOSTIC OR ANALYTICAL OR EXPLANATORY DESIGN:



DIAGNOSTIC OR ANALYTICAL OR EXPLANATORY DESIGN:

Types of relationship  Types of relationship

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:

Three conditions of experimental approach



Three conditions of experimental approach

OTHER CONCEPTS

Independent variable Standard variable

Intervening variable Dependent Variable Extraneous Variable

ability to attribute the variance in the dependent variable to the treatment and the treatment alone

an ability to generalize the results to the larger Population - generalisability

THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY



THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY

History Selection Experimental Mortality

Maturation Statistical regression Selection Maturation Selection Testing

Testing
Instrumentation

Selection History

Threats to External Validity



Threats to External Validity

Types of Experimental Design

After-only design
effect on the dependent variable is Assessed in both experimental and control groups after the experimental group has been exposed to the independent variable. Experiment Control Group 1 Group 1 Treatment Post Test Results Yes Yes X1 No Yes X2
Effect = X1-X2

Before-after design. same group used as both control & experimental group - tested & their knowledge measured before the course again after the course .
Experiment Group 1 Pre Test Treatment Post Test Yes Yes Yes X2 Test Results X1 Impact = X2-X1

Before-after design with control group. both the experimental & control groups are measured before & after the experimental group has been exposed to the independent variable. The effect of the independent variable is then measured by comparing the changes in the dependent variable in both groups.
Experiment Control Group 1 Group 1 Pre Test Treatment Post Test Results Yes (A) Yes Yes (B) (B-A)=X1 Yes (C) No Yes (D) (D-C)=X2 Impact = X1 X2

Soloman 4 group design:

This design builds maximum variance of dependent variable.
Experiment Group 1 Pre Test Treatment Post Test Results Yes (A) Yes Yes (B) (B-A)=X1 Control Group 1 Yes ( C) No Yes (D) (D-C)=X2 Experiment Group 2 No Yes Yes (E) E= X3 Control Group 2 No Yes Yes (F) F= X4

X1 X2 = G X3 X4 = H Impact or result = G-H

POST FACTO DESIGN / QUASI EXPERIMENTAL / PSEUDO EXPERIMENT:  POST FACTO DESIGN / QUASI EXPERIMENTAL / PSEUDO EXPERIMENT:

TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN



TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Time-series design.

Retrospective & prospective studies. Single case Experimental design.