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Enzyme Kinetics I
March 29th, 2005
Reading: Mathews & van Holde, Biochemistry, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Redwood City, CA, pp. 341-364 in 1990 edition (or equivalent pages in a later edition)
Other (optional) resources: http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/eb/ebdir.html http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/enzyme-kinetics.html
>>> And special thanks for this lecture goes to Dr. Gabriel Fenteany, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago (www.chem.uic.edu/fenteany/teaching/452), whose slides I liberally borrowed!
For example:
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
And
Chemical Kinetics
Rearrange: d[A]/[A] = dln[A] = -kdt Integrate and express [A] as a function of time (t): [A]/[A]o = e kt or [A]= [A]o e kt
([A]o = initial concentration)
Second-Order Reactions
k 2A p P v = -d[A]/dt = k[A]2 k A+BpP v = -d[A]/dt = -d[B]/dt = k[A][B] (k = second-order rate constant (M-1s-1)) Change in [A] with time: 1/[A] = 1/[A]o + kt
Note: third-order reactions rare, fourthand higher-order reactions unknown.
K = equilibrium constant = transition state [A] = concentration of molecules having the activation energy [A]o = total concentration G = standard free energy change of activation (activation energy)
Relationship of Reaction Rate Constant to Activation Energy and Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation
Reaction rate constant (k) determined by activation energy (G) and temperature (T) and proportional to frequency of forming product (Q = kBT/h, where kB = Boltzmanns constant, h = Plancks constant):
ln k
ln k = ln Q - (H/RT
The Transition State Energy Barrier Opposes the Reaction in Both Directions
-(G-1/RT)
K = e -((G 1
(G-1)/RT
Equilibrium constant K says nothing about rate of reaction, only free energy difference between final and initial states.
Catalysts do not affect GA (initial) or GB (final) and so do not affect overall free energy change (G = GB - GA) or equilibrium constant K. Equilibrium concentrations of A and B still determined solely by overall free energy change. Catalysts only affect G, lowering the activation energy. They accelerate both the forward and reverse reaction (increase kinetic rate constants k1 and k-1).
Q: How do enzymes work? A: A number of ways: propinquity, catalytic groups at active site, catalytic metals at active site, etc. (see assigned reading). >>> however, primitive enzymes may have behaved like catalytic antibodies, which can accelerate reactions merely by binding to and increasing the relative concentration of the transition state ([A] = [A]o e G/RT effect).
Enzyme Kinetics
Types of Enzymes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Transferases catalyze transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another. Hydrolases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage. Lyases catalyze removal of a group from or addition of a group to a double bond, or other cleavages involving electron rearrangement. Isomerases catalyze intramolecular rearrangement. Ligases catalyze reactions in which two molecules are joined.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
v = k2[ES], if this is the rate-limiting step* [Enzyme]total = [E]t = [E] + [ES] How to solve for [ES]? 1. Assume equilibrium, if k-1 >> k2: KS = k-1/k1 = [E][S]/[ES] or 2. Assume steady state: (Briggs and d[ES]/dt = 0
(Michaelis and Menten, 1913)
E = free enzyme, S = substrate ES = enzyme-substrate complex P = product
Haldane, 1925)
[ES] = ([E][S])/KM
So: KM[ES] = [E][S]
*Note: Briggs & Haldane came up with this, but they lost out when it came time to name things!
So: [ES] = [E]t[S]/(KM + [S]) Now we can substitute for [ES] in the rate equation v = k2[ES], so
v = k2[E]t[S]/(KM + [S])
or
v = Vmax[S]/(KM + [S])
(since Vmax = k2[E]t)
At [S]
A Lineweaver-Burk Plot
An Eadie-Hofstee Plot
Multi-step Reactions
E + S p ES p EP p E + P n
k-1
k1
k2
k3
v = kcat[E]t[S]/(KM + [S])