Prof. N P GAJJAR EC DEPARTMENT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NIRMA UNIVERSITY npgajjar@yahoo.

com

History Introduction to LTE LTE specification MIMO and different input output schemes OFDMA and SC-FDMA

The 0th generation ( 0G). The first generation (1G) analog systems The second generation (2G) digital systems. The Third generation (3G) systems. The Fourth generation (4G) systems.

Mobile radio telephoneTechniques:

PTT : Push To Talk MTS: Mobile Telephone Services, through operator IMTS improved MTS, no operator AMTS Advanced Mobile Telephone System.

Wireless telephone technology Voice during call was modulated @ 150 MHz carrier using Analog modulation. Standards NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephony AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems NTT: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone TACS: Total Access Communication Systems
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Digital encrypting of all telephone calls Launched SMS data services for mobile More efficient 2 techniques: TDMA and CDMA

2G systems GSM CDMA

2G systems were primarily designed

To support voice communication Data transmission

TDM CDMA FDM

Channel access method for shared medium networks TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are multiple transmitters GSM,PDC and IDEN

Digital, circuit switching with full duplex voice telephony 2G Circuit switched data transport Improved Packet data transport via GPRS 2.5 G Packet data transport with enhanced speed -2.75 G TDMA and FDMA GMSK Gaussian minimum-shift keying

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Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Pre-3G radio technology Improved data transmission rates. backward-compatible extension of GSM threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection. Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected. Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

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Allows several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. Standards: cdmaOne, cdma 2000 1x ,cdma 2000 3x
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1G

Narrow band analogue Network so only voice calls. We can contact within premises of nation , No roaming More clarity to the conversation and can send SMS. GPRS is not available , No packet data transmission. In 2.5G packet data service is available but slow data rates.

2G

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The ITU-R initiative on IMT-2000 (international mobile telecommunications 2000) paved the way for evolution to 3G. Requirements

peak data rate of 2 Mb/s and support for vehicular mobility were published under IMT-2000 initiative.

Both GSM and CDMA standards formed their own separate 3G partnership projects (3GPP and 3GPP2, respectively) to develop IMT-2000 compliant standards based on the CDMA technology.
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GSM 3G (3GPP )

Wideband CDMA(WCDMA) because it uses a larger 5MHz bandwidth. CDMA2000 and it uses 1.25MHz bandwidth.

CDMA ( 3GPP2 )

5MHz version supporting three 1.25MHz subcarriers referred to as cdma2000-3x.

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Problems with 3G

3G standards did not fulfil its promise of high-speed data transmissions as the data rates supported in practice were much lower than that claimed in the standards.

The 3GPP2 first introduced the HRPD (high rate packet data) system that supported high speed data transmission.

HRPD requires a separate 1.25Mhz for data transmission and no voice service. So it is referred to as cdma-1x EVDO system.

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The 3GPP introduced HSPA (high speed packet access) enhancement to the WCDMA system.

A difference relative to HRPD, however, is that both voice and data can be carried on the same 5MHz carrier in HSPA.

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WIMAX

IEEE 802 LMSC(LAN/MAN Standard Committee) introduced the IEEE 802.16e standard for mobile broadband wireless access. Enhancement to an earlier IEEE 802.16 standard for fixed broadband wireless access. Technology - OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) Better data rates and spectral efficiency than that provided by HSPA and HRPD. Known as WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) .
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The introduction of Mobile WiMAX led both 3GPP and 3GPP2 to develop their own version of beyond 3G systems based on the OFDMA technology and network architecture similar to that in Mobile WiMAX. The beyond 3G system in 3GPP is called evolved universal terrestrial radio access (evolved UTRA) and is also widely referred to as LTE (Long-Term Evolution) while 3GPP2s version is called UMB (ultra mobile broadband).
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LTE is also known as Long Term Evolution and it is considered a system beyond existing 3G systems. The goal of LTE

High-data-rate, low-latency and packet-optimized radio access technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments.

Because of OFDMA and SC-FDMA access schemes, LTE system supports flexible bandwidth. In LTE , uplink access is based on SC-FDMA and downlink access is based on OFDMA.

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LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4MHz up to 20MHz as well as both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). LTE architecture is referred to as EPS and comprises the E-UTRAN on the access side and EPC via SAE ,on the core network side.

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FDD

FDD means transmitter and receiver operates at different frequency. User is able to send and receive data at same time. Uplink and downlink sub-bands are separated by the frequency offset. It uses TDM to separate transmitted and received signal. It has great advantage where there is asymmetry between uplink and downlink data rates.
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TDD

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Increased downlink and uplink peak data rates. Scalable channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz in both the uplink and the downlink. Spectral efficiency improvements. Sub-5 ms latency for small internet protocol (IP) packets. Optimized Performance.
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SISO
Standard transmission mode. Single transmitter , single receiver.

SIMO
Single transmitter , multiple receiver. It aids received data integrity , where signal to noise ratio is poor due to multipath fading.

MISO
Multiple transmitter , single receiver. The transmitters send the same underlying user data, but in different parts of the RF frequency space.

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Multiple transmitter , multiple receiver. LTE provides multiple access and that is explained using concept of MIMO. MIMO is also known as spatial multiplexing. MIMO is required to increase high band width application such as streaming video. Multiple antennas improve capacity.

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OFDMA It is FDM used as a digital multi carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal
sub-carriers are used to carry data.

The data is divided into several parallel data channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme such as QAM or PSK at a lower rate. Total data rates similar to single carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth. Due to low symbol rate, guard interval can be provided between symbols and hence ISI can be eliminated.
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SC-FDMA SC-FDMA can be interpreted as a linearly precoded OFDMA scheme, in the sense that it has an additional DFT processing preceding the conventional OFDMA processing. In SC-FDMA, multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users, different sets of non-overlapping Fourier-coefficients (sub-carriers). A prominent advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDMA is that its transmit signal has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Due to low PAPR ,it benefits the mobile terminal in
terms of transmit power efficiency.

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In LTE , OFDMA scheme is used for downlink access. The basic principle of OFDM is to divide the available spectrum into narrowband parallel channels referred to as subcarriers and transmit information on these parallel channels at a reduced signalling rate. The name OFDM comes from the fact that the frequency responses of the sub channels are overlapping and orthogonal.
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The multi-path interference problem of WCDMA increases for larger bandwidths such as 10MHz 20MHz required by LTE. Difficult to employ multiple 5MHz WCDMA carriers to support 10 and 20MHz bandwidths. Lack of flexible bandwidth support as bandwidths supported can only be multiples of 5MHz and also bandwidths smaller than 5MHz cannot be supported.
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In LTE , SC-FDMA scheme is used for uplink access. SC-FDMA enables a lower peak-to-average ratio (PAR) to conserve battery life in mobile devices. Single-carrier FDMA scheme provides orthogonal access to multiple users simultaneously accessing the system.
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Uplink transmissions should be of low peak signal due to the limited transmission power at the user equipment (UE).

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Introduction LTE Architecture and Network LTE Radio Interface Architecture and different parameters MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

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Things which we have covered in review-1 Basic Introduction of 1G,2G,2.5G,2.75G,3G and 4G. Introduction of LTE LTE attributes LTE uplink and downlink

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The LTE network architecture is designed with the following goals.

Supporting packetswitched traffic with seamless mobility

Quality of service (QoS)

Minimal latency

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LTE encompasses the evolution of: The radio access through the E-UTRAN The non-radio aspects under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) Entire system composed of both E-UTRAN and SAE is called the Evolved Packet System (EPS)

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The LTE network is comprised of: Core Network (CN), called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in SAE Access network (E-UTRAN) CN is responsible for overall control of UE and establishment of the bearers. A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined QoS (Quality of service) between the gateway and the User Terminal (UE).
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The LTE network is comprised of: Core Network (CN), called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in SAE Access network (E-UTRAN) CN is responsible for overall control of UE and establishment of the bearers. A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined QoS (Quality of service) between the gateway and the User Terminal (UE).
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Main logical nodes in EPC are: PDN Gateway (P-GW) Serving Gateway (S-GW) Mobility Management Entity (MME) EPC also includes other nodes and functions, such: Home Subscriber Server (HSS) Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) E-UTRAN solely contains the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB
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All the network interfaces are based on IP protocols. The eNBs are interconnected by means of an X2 interface and to the MME/GW entity by means of an S1 interface. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between MME/GW and eNBs. The functional split between eNB and MME/GW is shown in following figure,

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The S-GW acts as a local mobility anchor forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNB serving the UE. The P-GW interfaces with external packet data networks (PDNs) such as the Internet and the IMS. The P-GW also performs several IP functions such as address allocation, packet filtering and routing. The MME is a signaling only entity and hence user IP packets do not go through MME. An advantage of a separate network entity for signaling is that the network capacity for signaling and traffic can grow independently.

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Radio resource management IP header compression and encryption Selection of MME at UE attachment Routing of user plane data towards S-GW Scheduling and transmission of paging messages and broadcast information Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling

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Non-access stratum (NAS) signaling and NAS signaling security Access stratum (AS) security control Idle state mobility handling EPS bearer control Roaming, authentication Security negotiations. Authorization and P-GW/S-GW selection

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Mobility anchor point for inter eNB handovers Termination of user-plane packets for paging reasons Switching of user plane for UE mobility

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UE IP address allocation Per-user-based packet filtering Lawful interception

This was all about functions of different components in LTE architecture. Now we will see about LTE Radio Interface and its architecture.

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Control plane protocol

User plane Protocol

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IP packets are passed through multiple protocol entities: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) IP header compression based on Robust Header Compression(ROHC) Ciphering and integrity protection of transmitted data Radio Link Control (RLC) Segmentation/Concatenation Retransmission handling In-sequence delivery to higher layers

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Medium Access Control (MAC) Handles hybrid-ARQ retransmissions Uplink and Downlink scheduling at the eNodeB Physical Layer (PHY) Coding/Decoding Modulation/Demodulation (OFDM) Multi-antenna mapping Other typical physical layer functions

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RLC offers services to PDCP in the form of radio bearers MAC offers services to RLC in the form of logical channels PHY offers services to MAC in the form of transport channels

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It includes
Radio Access Modes Transmission Bandwidth Supported Frequency Bands Peak single user data rates and UE capabilities

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LTE air interface supports

FDD and TDD Another mode half duplex FDD.

Half-duplex FDD allows the sharing of hardware between the uplink and downlink since the uplink and downlink are never used simultaneously. The LTE air interface also supports the multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS)

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LTE specifications include variable channel bandwidths selectable from 1.4 to 20 MHz, with subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz. A subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz is also possible. Subcarrier spacing is constant regardless of the channel bandwidth. The smallest amount of resource that can be allocated in the uplink or downlink is called a resource block (RB). An RB is 180 kHz wide and lasts for one 0.5 ms timeslot. Thus involving FDD as well as TDD.
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The LTE specifications inherit all the frequency bands defined for UMTS. FDD spectrum requires pair bands, one of the uplink and one for the downlink, and TDD requires a single band as uplink and downlink are on the same frequency but time separated. As a result, there are different LTE band allocations for TDD and FDD. In some cases these bands may overlap. Frequency bands for FDD duplex mode and TDD duplex mode is shown in following figure.
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The estimated peak data rates feasible in ideal conditions 100 to 326.4 Mbps on the downlink 50 to 86.4 Mbps on the uplink These rates represent the absolute maximum the system could support and actual peak data rates will be scaled back by the introduction of UE categories. A UE category puts limits on what has to be supported.

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Mimo spatial multiplexing

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Multiple transmitter , multiple receiver. As we have seen in the attributes of LTE that LTE provides multiple access and that is explained using concept of MIMO. MIMO is also known as spatial multiplexing. MIMO is required to increase high band width application such as streaming video. Multiple antennas improve capacity.

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Spatial multiplexing is a transmission technique in MIMO Wireless Communication. Purpose: transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. The space dimension is reused, more than one time. If the transmitter is equipped with Nt antennas and the receiver has Nr antennas, the maximum spatial multiplexing order (the number of streams) is N(s)=min(Nt, Nr )
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In an Open loop MIMO system with Nt transmitter antennas and Nr receiver antennas, the input-output relationship can be described as y=Hx+n is Nt x 1 vector of transmitted symbols y , n are the Nr x 1 vectors of received symbols & noise H is the Nr x Nt matrix of channel coefficients.
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A closed-loop MIMO system utilizes Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter. In a closed-loop MIMO system the input-output relationship with a closed-loop approach can be described as y = HWs+n is Ns x 1 vector of transmitted symbols . y,n are the Nr x 1 vectors of received symbols and noise H is the Nr x Nt matrix of channel coefficients W is the Nt xNs linear precoding matrix.
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In order that data can be transported across the LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across the radio access network in an orderly fashion.

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Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user data and control messages. Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers. Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.

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Downlink: Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): This physical channel carries system information for UEs requiring to access the network. Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : The main purpose of this physical channel is to carry mainly scheduling information. Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : As the name implies, this channel is used to report the Hybrid ARQ status. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : This channel is used for unicast and paging functions. Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : This physical channel carries system information for multicast purposes. Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : This provides information to enable the UEs to decode the PDSCH.
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Uplink: Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Sends Hybrid ARQ acknowledgement Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : This physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink counterpart of PDSCH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : This uplink physical channel is used for random access functions.

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Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher layers. Downlink: Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels. Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH information to set up multicast transmissions.
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Uplink: Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for uplink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels. Random Access Channel (RACH) : This is used for random access requirements.

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Control channels: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) : This control channel provides system information to all mobile terminals connected to the eNodeB. Paging Control Channel (PCCH) : This control channel is used for paging information when searching a unit on a network. Common Control Channel (CCCH) : This channel is used for random access information, e.g. for actions including setting up a connection. Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) : This control channel is used for Information needed for multicast reception. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) : This control channel is used for carrying user-specific control information, e.g. for controlling actions including power control, handover, etc..

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Traffic channels: Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) : This traffic channel is used for the transmission of user data. Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) : This channel is used for the transmission of multicast data.

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LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband by Farooq Khan LTE-Advanced Signal Generation and Measurement Using System Vue Application Note By Jinbiao Xu, Agilent EEsof EDA En.wikipedia.org Long Term Evolution (LTE) - A Tutorial by Ahmed Hamza, Network Systems Laboratory, Simon Fraser University

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Introduction of WiMAX Back Ground How WIMAX works ? WIMAX feature Advantages of WIMAX Channel Access Comparison of LTE and WIMAX

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Emerging technology for broadband wireless access. Both fixed and mobile broadband wireless Internet access. Defines deployment of broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. Promises high data rates and wide coverage at low cost. Allows accessing broadband Internet even while moving at vehicular speeds of up to 125 km/h.

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IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 airinterface standards. The WiMAX Forum is developing mobile WiMAX system profiles that define the mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard that are necessary to build a mobile WiMAX compliant air interface which can be certified by the WiMAX Forum.

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Types of WIMAX

Fixed (IEEE 802.16-2004) Mobile(IEEE 802.16e-2005)

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It is a non-profit industry body dedicated to promoting the adoption of this technology and ensuring that different vendors products will interoperate. It is doing this through developing conformance and interoperability test plans and certification program. WiMAX Forum Certified means a service provider can buy equipment from more than one company and be confident that everything works together.

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Channel ( TDM FDM ) Access network Internet access (Dial-up, DSL and cable modem, Broadband Wireless Access ) point-to-point (PTP) telecommunications point-to-multipoint (PMP) telecommunications
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WiMAX network consists of WiMAX base station Multiple WiMAX subscriber stations (fixed or mobile). WiMAX base station is mounted on a tower. WiMAX subscriber station is a WiMAX customer premise equipment (CPE) that is located inside the house. WiMAX base station on the tower is physically wired to the Internet service provider's (ISP) network through fibre optic cables.

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OFDMA High Data Rates: Peak downlink (DL) data rates up to 128 Mbps Peak uplink (UL) data rates up to 56 Mbps Quality of Service (QoS): Fundamental premise of the IEEE 802.16 architecture is QoS.

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Scalability : It utilizes scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) and has the capability to operate in scalable bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz to comply with various spectrum allocations worldwide. Security: Most advanced security features Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) based authentication, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based authenticated encryption, and Cipherbased Message Authentication Code (CMAC) and Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) based control message protection schemes.
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Uplink and Downlink Transmissions Duplexing TDD and FDD

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Transmission from base station to subscriber stations is called downlink transmission. Transmission from subscriber station to base station is called uplink transmission. Uplink uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Downlink uses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).

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WiMAX provides broadband speeds for voice, data, and video applications WiMAX provides wide coverage, high capacity at low cost WiMAX enjoys a wide industry support WiMAX being a wireless technology, costs less because there is no need for service providers to purchase rights-of-way, dig trenches and lay cables. WiMAX is standards-based. (IEEE)
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WiMAX can be used for fixed and mobile broadband Internet access for data and voice using VoIP (Voiceover-IP) technology. Because WiMAX is based on wireless technology, and because it is cost-effective, it is easier to extend broadband Internet access to suburban and rural areas. This helps in bringing wireless broadband to the masses and to bridge the digital divide that exists especially in developing and underdeveloped countries.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

According to WiMax Forum it supports 5 classes of applications: Multi-player Interactive Gaming. VOIP and Video Conference Streaming Media Web Browsing and Instant Messaging Media Content Downloads

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Comparison of LTE-WiMAX

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Both LTE and WiMAX both are considered to be standards for 4G mobile communication. LTE is the most recent in the line of the GSM broadband network evolvement. WiMAX evolved from a Wi-Fi, IP-based background. IEEE standard 802.16.

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1. Both use orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in the downlink. But WiMax optimizes for maximum channel usage by processing all the information in a wide channel. LTE, on the other hand, organizes the available spectrum into smaller chunks.

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2. LTE uses single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink signalling, while WiMax sticks with OFDMA. A major problem with OFDM-based systems is their high peak-to-average power ratios. LTE opted for the SC-FDMA specifically to boost PA efficiency. 3. Although both the IEEE 802.16e standard and the LTE standard support FDD and TDD, WiMax implementations are predominantly TDD. LTE seems to be heading in the FDD direction because it is true full-duplex operation: Adjacent channels are used for uplink and downlink.

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Mobile WiMAX
Rel 1.0
802.16e-2005

Rel 1.5
802.16e Rev 2

Rel 2.0
802.16m

IP e2e Network

3GPP
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HSPA
Rel-6

HSPA+
Rel-7 & Rel-8

IMTAdvanced

Ckt Switched Network

LTE & LTE Advanced

Mobile WiMAX time to market advantage

IP e2e Network
CDMA-Based OFDMA-Based

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012
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Parameter
Duplex Frequency Band for Performance Analysis Channel BW Downlink Uplink DL Spectral Efficiency1 UL Spectral Efficiency1 Mobility Support Frame Size HARQ Link Budget Advanced Antenna Support

LTE
FDD and TDD 2000 MHz

Mobile WiMAX Rel 1.5

FDD and TDD 2500 MHz

Up to 20 MHz OFDMA SC-FDMA 1.57 bps/Hz/Sector (2x2) MIMO2 0.64 bps/Hz/Sector (1x2) SIMO2 Target: Up to 350 km/hr 1 millisec Incremental Redundancy Typically limited by Mobile Device DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4 UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4

Up to 20 MHz OFDMA OFDMA 1.59 bps/Hz/Sector (2x2) MIMO 0.99 bps/Hz/Sector (1x2) SIMO Up to 120 km/hr 5 millisec Chase Combining Typically limited by Mobile Device DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4 UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4

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Introduction to WiMax and Broadband Access Technologies By M. Farhad Hussain WiMAX - An Introduction by N. Srinath (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras) WiMAX INTRODUCTION by Paul DeBeasi Introduction to mobile WiMAX Radio Access Technology by Dr. Sassan Ahmadi (Wireless Standards and Technology, Intel Corporation)

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