DISEASE

Malaria

PANTHOGENS INVOLVED
Protozoa (Plasmodium) Vector : female Anopheles mosquitoes

MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE
High fever Chills, shivering Headache Profuse sweating Muscle pains High fever Rashes on body, limbs, joint Muscle pain Nausea Vomitting, headache Water diarrhoea Stomach ache Fever Vomitting

Dengue Fever

Virus Vector : female Aedes mosquitoes

Through the bites of infected female Aedesmosquitoes

Cholera

Vibro bacteria Vector : Housefly

Consuming contaminated water and food

Food Poisoning

Bacteria (Salmonella sp.) Vector : housefly

Through contaminated food

Diarrhoea Vomitting

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HIV Virus

Through unprotected sex Sharing of contaminated needles Blood transfusion

Weight loss Diarrhoea Fatigue Suffer from diseases of the eyes, lungs and other vital organs High fever Rashes Muscular stiffness Headache Dry cough Pneumonia Jaundice Fever Fatigue No appetite Abdominal pain Liver failure Liver cancer Eventually death

Severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS)

SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs/ sneezes Direct contact

Hepatitis A

Virus

Through contaminated water and food

Hepatitis B

Virus

Through sexual contact, using contaminated needles

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Microorganisms can also cause diseases and spoilage to food. Microorganisms that cause diseases are called panthogens. Example of panthogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. It cause disease by getting into our body cells. But our skin is protected by a layer of cells through which panthogens cannot pass penetrate, unless there is a cut or an open wound. Pathogens can be transmitted in various manners such as ;

3.

THROUGH AIR (DROPLET)

When an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, pathogens found in his respiratory tract, nasal cavities and mouth are sprayed into the atmosphere. When a nearby healthy person breathes in the contaminated air, he becomes infected. When contaminated salive and sputum dry up, the pathogen and spores may be dispersed by wind.

THROUGH CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER

Food becomes contaminated through -an infected / unhygienic food handler -contaminated water -infected vectors carrying pathogens Examples of diseases spread through this maner ; cholera, hepatitis A and bacillus dysentary

THROUGH TOUCH / PERSONAL CONTACT

Diseases spread by this manner are called contagious diseases. Indirect contact is when a person touches an infected person or uses things from an infected person. Examples ; scabbies, tinea, ringworm Direct contact is through sexual activities with an infected person. Example ; hepatitis B, gonorrhea, syphilis and AIDS.

BY VECTORS
A vector is an animal which carries pathogens from an infected person to a healthy individual. Insect vectors sometimes, act as a host for the pathogens to complete its life cycle. Examples of diseases ; malaria, dengue fever, filariasis, cholera, dysentary, blight and typhus.