HEAT LOAD CALCULATION 2

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TOPICS COVERED
LOAD CALCULATIONS
FORMS FORMULAS TABLES FACTORS AIR SIDE PSYCHROMETRY
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HEAT LOAD 2

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HEAT LOAD FORM

SEE TRANSPARENCY

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HEAT LOAD ESTIMATE PROBLEM

   


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General office Ceiling 10 Wall 4 brick, plastered both side Window- ordinary single glass internal shade Door- plywood sandwich air space Occupants - 35 person Lighting - Fluorescent 5
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DESIGN CONDITIONS


Outdoor design conditions 92F db / 80F wb or 95db/83wb Overestimating effect Night time temp. & rh different 76F db/ 75F wb / 95% rh

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DESIGN CONDITIONS


Indoor design conditions

Base on requirement and standards

75F db / 55% rh 72F db / 55% rh 71F db / 50% rh Peak time at 4.00 pm

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CURRENT AIR-CONDITIONING DESIGN DATA COMPARISON

JKR INDOOR TEMP.(o C) LIGHTING LOAD (w/ft2) OFFICE EQUIP. (w/ft2) OUTLET VELOCITY (ft/min.) FRESH AIR (cfm/person) 24 4-6 (2) 25-50* 20 ASHRAE 95 23-26 1.85-4.65 0.8-2 40-150 20 CIBSE 22+/-2 1.4 1.4 20

*-Carrier Handbook
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QUESTION
Fill in the table other information for the following conditions
Outdoor air 92db/80wb Indoor 75db/55%rh

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SOLAR GAIN THROUGH GLASS



Cooling Load = Window Area x Peak solar heat gain (Table 4) x Storage Factor (Table 5) x Shade Factor (Table 6) Refer to Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6
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SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION GAIN



Heat Gain Through Walls & Roofs = Area x Equivalent Temp. Difference (Table 7 for wall & Table 8 for roof) x Transmission Coefficient (U) (Table 9)

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TRANSMISSION GAIN (EXCEPT WALLS AND ROOFS)



Heat gain through all glass = Area x Temp. Difference (OA - RA) x Transmission coefficient (U) (Table 9) Heat gain through shade wall, partition = Area x Temp. Difference (OA - RA - 5F) x Transmission coefficient (U) (Table 9)

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TRANSMISSION GAIN (EXCEPT WALLS AND ROOFS) (2)



Heat gain through wall, partition (adjacent to Kitchen,Boiler Room) = Area x Temp. Difference (OA - RA + 15F to 25F) x Transmission coefficient (U) (Table 9)

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INFILTRATION
When ventilation exceeds infiltration (+ve pressure), then infiltration = 0 When rooms are design at -ve pressure, have to consider

 

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INTERNAL LOADS
People
No. of people from no. of chairs or base on per floor area Table 10 - Heat gain from people
 

No. of people x Table 10 Activity, Sensible & Latent

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INTERNAL LOADS
Power
Table 53 - Heat gain from electric motors Electric motors contribute only sensible heat to space

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INTERNAL LOADS
Lights - Estimate (w/ft2) Lights - Type
Incandescent
rated lamp watt x 3.413

 

Fluorescent lamp
rated lamp watt x 1.25 x 3.413

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INTERNAL LOADS
Appliances
most appliances contributes both sensible and latent heat load. They contribute latent heat by virtue of their function ex. drying, cooking Hood to remove this is most effective Table 50 & 51- Heat Gain from Restaurant
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SAFETY FACTOR
Safety factor added for possible error in the survey Over estimating safety factor will cause oversized air conditioning equipment - difficult to maintain space conditions < 5%
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ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (RSH)

Now all the load components contributing to sensible load can be added

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SUPPLY AIR DUCT LOSSES

In transferring air from system cooling coil to space, four losses must be considered;

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Supply duct heat gain supply duct leakage loss fan heat bypassed outdoor air

SUPPLY DUCT HEAT GAIN

Supply air in the duct at 50F to 60F passes through surrounding environment above 90F - potential heat gain to supply air Insulation reduces this gain Typical figure < 2% of RSH

 

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SUPPLY DUCT LEAKGE LOSS

Lost capacity in the supply air duct depends on duct shape, duct pressure and workmanship. Low pressure (0 - 2s.p) : <5% Medium pressure (2 - 6s.p) : 2% 3% High pressure (6 & above) : <1%
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FAN HEAT
Draw through (draw through the cooling coil) fan add heat to air supply. Electrical losses for motor which lies in the air stream also add heat < 5%

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BYPASS OUTDOOR AIR

Some of the air passing through the coil remain untreated. Load equivalent to infiltration load Depends on bypass factors use Load = cfm x (toa-trm) x bf x 1.09

  

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EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (ERSH)



This load determine the cfm required across the cooling coil ERSH = RSH + (SUPPLY DUCT GAIN + SUPPLY DUCT LEAK LOSS + FAN) + BYPASS OUTDOOR AIR

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LATENT LOAD
The latent counterpart of infiltration, internal loads, and supply duct load are also calculated to determine the Room Latent Heat and Effective Room Latent Heat Vapor Transmission - only for low or high dew point application.
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ROOM LATENT HEAT (RLH)

SUM OF ALL ROOM LATENT LOAD
INFILTRATION PEOPLE STEAM APPLIANCES ADDITIONAL HEAT GAINS VAPOUR TRANSMISSION
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EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT LOAD (ERLH)



ROOM LATENT HEAT (RLH) + SUPPLY DUCT LEAKAGE LOSS + BYPASS OUTDOOR AIR

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OUTDOOR AIR / VENTILATION RATES




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Outdoor air/ventilation rates from Table 11-Ventilation Std. Outdoor air quantity can be determined either by cfm/person or cfm/ft2 or airchange rate (ach) Air change is defined as the quantity of changed air every hour cfm = vol x ach 60
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OUTDOOR AIR HEAT

Outdoor air heat comprised of both sensible and latent load Except for bypassed air, the load appears on the upstream of the coil Requirements of outdoor/fresh air base on air change rate or cfm/sq.ft or per person
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QUESTION
Calculate the outdoor/fresh air requirement of the office space, if the recommended fresh air change is 2 ach. ach.
(ach/60) x Vol. = (2/60) x 32000 = 1067 cfm
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Answer :

RETURN DUCT LOSSES

Return duct are normally shorter than supply duct Temperature of air at about 75F 80F Return duct slightly negative 1% for Return duct heat gain & 1% for return duct leakage loss
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RETURN AIR or BLOW THRU FAN



Fan and motor heat appear on the upstream side of the coil. ..hp x 2545

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GRAND TOTAL HEAT

Total heat load the coil must remove from the air passing over it. Also known as dehumidifier load

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REFRIGERATION LOAD
Introducing two additional loads not experience by the coil
Piping sensible heat gain Pumping heat gain

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APPARATUS DEW POINT (ADP)



Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH)

 

ADP obtained from plot ESHF line or Table 65 Indicated ADP & Selected ADP ADP must be > 48F

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QUESTION
ERSH = 115 000 ERLH = 15 000 Calculate the ESHF Find ADP if room is 75F/55%rh 75 from table

   

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DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QUANTITY

Dehumidified rise = (trm-tadp)x(1-BF) Cfmda = ERSH 1.09 x (trm-tadp)x(1-BF)

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SUPPLY AIR QUANTITY (cfmsa)



Outlet temp. diff = RSH =Fdes.dif (trm - tgrille) 1.09 x cfmda Supply cfm = RSH = cfmsa 1.09 x Fdes. dif


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Bypass cfm = cfmsa - cfmda

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RESULTING ENTERING AND LEAVING CONDITIONS AT APPARATUS  tedb= trm + cfmoa x (toa - trm) cfmsa


tldb = tadp + bf x (tedb - tadp) tewb & tlwb read from psych. chart


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SOME EX. OF COMPUTERISED HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS



See Lotus files

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GO TO PSYCHRO 2

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