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Magnetism
Opposites Attract / Likes Repel
Magnetic Fields
Direction of Field: North South
A Simple Electromagnet
A Nail with a Coil of Wire
Q How do we set up a magnet? A The battery feeds current through the coil of wire. Current in the coil of wire produces a magnetic field (as long as the battery is connected).
Electromagnetism
ti ne ag d M el Fi c
Force in a Conductor
Force in a Conductor
Simple DC Motor
Motor Basics
Either an AC or DC electrical energy source serves as the input to the motor. Motors are powered by electricity, but rely on principles of magnetism to produce mechanical motion.
The result is mechanical motion of the output shaft, that is a rotation about or a translation along the shaft, provided the load carried by the shaft does not exceed the maximum load the motor is designed to carry.
Choosing a Motor
There are numerous ways to design a motor, thus there are many different types of motors. The type of motor chosen for an application depends on the characteristics needed in that application. These include: How fast you want the object to move, The weight, size of the object to be moved, The cost and size of the motor, The accuracy of position or speed control needed.
Motor Parameters
The level of performance a motor can provide is described by its parameters. These include: Rated Speed Speed measured in shaft revolutions per minute (RPM), a way to specify how fast the motor turns. Torque Rotational force produced around a given point, due to a force applied at a radius from that point Torque-Speed performance of a motor
Types of Motors
The different types of motors possess different operating characteristics. Heavy Industrial applications: AC motors Mobile robotics : dc motor, dc servo motor, and stepper motors Brief overview of the operation characteristics of: AC motors DC motors DC servo motors Stepper motors
DC Electric Motors
Electric Motors or Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical motion Motors are powered by a source of electricity either AC or DC.
DC Electric Motors use Direct Current (DC) sources of electricity: Batteries DC Power supply
Practical DC Motors
Every DC motor has six basic parts axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s),
For a small motor the magnets is made from permanent magnet
and brushes.
DC Machine Construction
DC Motors Components
Field pole
North pole and south pole Receive electricity to form magnetic field
Armature
Cylinder between the poles Consists of coils of insulated wires wound around an iron and so arranged that electric current are induced in these wires, when armature is rotating. Electromagnet when current goes through Linked to drive shaft to drive the load
Commutator
Form of rotating switch placed between armature and external circuit. Reverse the current direction between the rotor and external circuit. Overturns current direction in armature.
Brushes
To collect current from the commutator and supply it to external load circuit.
Direction of Rotation + +
DC Motor Operation
In a dc motor, the stator poles are supplied by dc excitation current, which produces a dc magnetic field. The rotor is supplied by dc current through the brushes, commutator and coils. The interaction of the magnetic field and rotor current generates a force that drives the motor
N
Rotation
Ir_dc/2
Shaft
Brush
Ir_dc
Ir_dc/2
Pole winding
| 1 8 7 6 5 4 2 3
Ir_dc
Copper segment
28
DC Motor Operation
The magnetic field lines enter into the rotor from the north pole (N) and exit toward the south pole (S).
v
a
S
b
30
2
Vdc
The poles generate a v Ir_dc magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to (a) carrying conductors.
B
a
v
1
30
The interaction between the field and the current produces a Lorentz force,
v
b
Vdc
Ir_dc
DC Motor Operation
The generated force turns the rotor until the coil reaches the neutral point between the poles.
v
a
S
b
30
2
Vdc
At this point, the magnetic field becomes practically zero together with (a) the force.
Ir_dc
However, inertia drives the motor beyond the neutral zone where the direction of the magnetic field reverses.
v
1
30
v
b
Vdc
Ir_dc
To avoid the reversal of the force direction, the commutator changes the current direction, which maintains the counterclockwise rotation.
DC Motor Operation
Before reaching the neutral zone, the current enters in segment 1 and exits from segment 2,
v
a
S
b
30
2
Vdc
Therefore, current enters the ( coil end at slot a and exits froma) slot b during this stage.
Ir_dc
After passing the neutral zone, the current enters segment 2 and exits from segment 1,
v
1
30
v
b
Vdc
Ir_dc
DC Motor
DC Motor
The brush
DC Motor
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
Animate
2 pole motor
continue Animate
3 pole DC motors
1 The coil for each poles are connected serially.
The commutator consist of 3 sector, consequently one coil will be fully energized and the others will be partially energized.
3 pole DC motors
The commutator and the coil is arranged in such a way that the polarity of each pole is as shown
animate
next
3 pole DC motors
The commutator and the coil is arranged in such a way that the polarity of each pole is as shown
animate
next
3 pole DC motors
The commutator and the coil is arranged in such a way that the polarity of each pole is as shown
animate
next
3 pole DC motors
The commutator and the coil is arranged in such a way that the polarity of each pole is as shown
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next
DC motors
As the rotor is rotating, back emf (Ea) will be produced, the faster the rotor turn the higher Ea and the smaller Ia.
Ia
Ea
motor
The starting current of motors will be much higher then the rating current.
DC motors
Field winding Armature winding
For big motors the magnet is made from coil and core. The current flowing in the coil is called If and the current flowing in the armature is called Ia. The armature winding and the field winding are connected to a common power supply
The armature winding and the field winding are often connected in series, parallel, or compound. The torque characteristic will be different for each connection.
SERIES DC MOTOR
Field and armature winding are series connected, this type of motor is called series DC motor
Shunt DC motors
Field and armature winding are parallel connected, this type of motor is called shunt DC motor
Compound DC MOTOR
Compound DC motor is DC motor having 2 field winding the first one is connected parallel to the armature winding and the other is connected series
DC MOTOR
Torque:
T = KIa
Starting a DC Motor
If we apply full voltage to a stationary motor, the starting current in the armature will be very high (20-30 times the nominal load current) and we run the risk of:
Burning out the armature Damaging the commutator and brushes, due to heavy sparking Overloading the supply Breaking the shaft due to mechanical shock Damaging the driven equipment due to the sudden torque surge
All DC motors must therefore be provided with a means to limit the starting current to reasonable values
Stopping a DC Motor
There are three ways to brake a DC motor: Mechanical (friction) braking Dynamic braking Plugging
Merits
High starting torque Speed control over a wide range,both above and below normal speed Accurate seedless speed control Quick starting and stopping
Demerits
High initial cost Increased operating and maintenance costs because of commutator and brush gear
Applications
Lathes, Drills, Boring Mills, Shapers, Spinning
and Weaving Machines. Elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair drier Sewing machines, Presses