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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used by the military for a number of purposes such as monitoring or tracking the enemies and force protection. Unlike commercial WSNs, a tactical military sensor network has different priority requirements for military usage.

Especially in the remote large-scale network, topology, selfconfiguration, network connectivity, maintenance, and energy

consumption are the challenges. In this project, present an overview of application scenarios in remote large-scale WSNs focusing on the primary requirements for tactical environments.

Here we presented a sensor network architecture based on the cluster-tree based multi hop model with optimized cluster head election and the corresponding node design method to meet the tactical requirements is proposed . With the proposed WSN architecture, one can easily design the sensor network for military usage in remote large scale environments.

The WSN is built of "nodes" from a few to several hundreds or even thousands. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery.

The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.

The main characteristics of a WSN include ` Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting ` Ability to cope with node failures ` Mobility of nodes ` Dynamic network topology ` Communication failures ` Heterogeneity of nodes ` Scalability to large scale of deployment ` Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions ` Ease of use

Design Issues: Advantages of WSNs Ease of deployment Can be dropped from a plane or placed in a factory, without any prior organization, thus reducing the installation cost and time, and increasing the flexibility of deployment Extended range One huge wired sensor (macro-sensor) can be replaced by many smaller wireless sensors for the same cost Fault tolerant With wireless sensors, failure of one node does not affect the network operation Mobility Since these wireless sensors are equipped with battery, they can possess limited mobility (e.g., if placed on robots)

Disadvantage: The wireless medium has a few inherent limitations such as low bandwidth, error prone transmissions, and potential collisions in channel access, etc.

For military applications it requires a lot of secret information has to be transmitted from one place to another place through a large scale wireless network. But in the earlier system, such type of networks for transmission of information are available but there is no security mechanisms for providing the security for that transmitted information. Because several attackers may enter into the network without any authentication and they can attack the network and they can access the data or service they require. So one needs a secure, scalable, and reliable wireless sensor network for military applications, which covers a large scale wireless environment.

A design approach for the military WSN in remote large-scale environments based on the military requirements is proposed.

Since WSNs in remote large scale environments cannot be managed manually, after being distributed, sensor nodes have to organize and heal themselves in an energy efficient manner while guaranteeing the network connectivity, Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and Low Probability of Detection (LPD) for security. we discussed a tactical WSN architecture with sensor nodes in remote large-scale environments.

To satisfy the tactical WSN needs, the various requirements are defined, and finally propose the cluster-tree based multi-hop sensor network with the optimized cluster head election. The prediction and recovery mechanisms for maintenance ofthe network are also designed.

In this project, a Wireless Sensor Network architecture with a several number of sensor nodes that covers a remote large scale environments is proposed. All the specifications needed for designing such a secure large scale wireless network will be considered.

Design goal for military WSNs depends on the application.

We design a sensor network with sensor devices using cluster based tree approach.

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Sample design of a cluster based wireless Sensor Network

Optimized cluster Head election Algorithm \

n - Parent probability. EL - Residual Energy Level. NT = The number of nodes sending association request to a cluster head in each cluster. NCH - The number of candidate cluster heads If cluster head receive the association request. Check EL of NT ; N Head= n * NT If (Nhead > I ) NCH- floor(N head); Select the NCH number of nodes in the highest EL; Register the selected nodes to cluster head ; Register the other nodes to members; Else { Select the 1" highest node as a duster head ; othernodes to members; } Register the selected nodes to cluster head ; Register till' {

Building and running a WSNs testbed is very costly and difficult. Besides, repeatability is largely compromised since many factors affect the experimental results at the same time. It is hard to isolate a single aspect. Moreover, running real experiments are always time consuming. WSNs simulators allow users to isolate different factors by tuning configurable parameters .

There are two key aspects in WSNs simulators: (1) The correctness of the simulation models and (2) the suitability of a particular tool to implement the model. A correct model based on solid assumption is mandatory to derive trustful results. The fundamental tradeoff is: precision and necessity of details versus performance and scalability.

is the abbreviation of Network simulator version two, which first been developed by 1989 using as the REAL network simulator. Now, NS-2 is supported by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and National Science Foundation. NS-2 is a discrete event network simulator built in Object-Oriented extension of Tool Command Language and C++

People can run NS-2 simulator on Linux Operating Systems or on Cygwin, which is a Unix-like environment and command-line interface running on Windows. NS-2 is a popular non-specific network simulator can used in both wire and wireless area. This simulator is open source and provides online document

To the merits, firstly as a non-specific network simulator, NS-2 can support a considerable range of protocols in all layers. For example, the ad-hoc and WSN specific protocols are provided by NS-2. Secondly, the open source model saves the cost of simulation, and online documents allow the users easily to modify and improve the codes.

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Firstly, people who want to use this simulator need to familiar with writing scripting language and modeling technique; the Tool Command Language is somewhat difficulty to understand and write. Secondly, sometimes using NS-2 is more complex and time-consuming than other. Thirdly, no Graphical User Interface (GUI) [GUI. Fourthly, due to the continuing changing the code base, the result may not be consistent, or contains bugs.

[I] IEEE 2011 Wireless Sensor Network Design For Tactical Military Applications :Remote Large - Scale Environments.

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[2] L. C. Marquet, J. A, Ratches, and J. Niemela, "Smart Sensor Networks and Information Management for the Future Combat System(FCS)," Proceedings ofthe SPIE, Vol. 4396,

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2001.

[3] J. Nemeroff, L. Garcia, D. Hampel, and S. DiPerro, "Application of sensor network communications," in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Con! (MILCOM'OI), Vienna, VA,

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Oct. 2001.

[4] J. Nemeroff, P. Angelini, and L. Garcia, "Communication\ for Unattended Sensor Networks," Proceedings ofthe SPIE, Vol. 5441, pp. 161-167,2004.

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By AbdolMajid Shahgholi RN: 10031D6404 M.TECH, CNIS (SIT department ), JNTU HYDERABAD , INDIA Shahgholi_a@hotmail.com copy right 2012