Chapter 9

Communications and Networks

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Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Competencies (Page 1 of 2)
Discuss connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems. Describe physical and wireless communications channels. Discuss connection devices, and services including dialup, DSL, cable, satellite/air, and cellular. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidths and protocols.

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Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Competencies (Page 2 of 2)
Discuss networks and key network terminologies. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless, personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks. Describe network architectures, including topologies, and strategies. Describe organization issues related to Internet technologies and network security.

9-3

Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction
We live in a truly connected society. Increased connectivity potentially means increased productivity especially in the business world. You will learn more about the concept of connectivity and the impact of the wireless revolution in this chapter.
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Communications

The process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers
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Communications Today
Numerous applications depend on communication systemsE-mail, Instant messaging (IM), Internet telephone, and Electronic commerce Connectivity uses computer networks to link people and resources Going wireless has been the most dramatic change

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Communication Systems
Four basic elements
Sending and receiving devices Communication channel Connection devices Data transmission specifications

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Communication Channels
Channels carry data from one computer to another Two categories of communication channels
Physical connection Wireless connection

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Physical Connections
Ethernet cable (Twisted pair cables) Coaxial cable

Fiber-optic cable
Return
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Wireless Connections
Radio frequency (RF) Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) 802.11 Bluetooth Microwave Line of sight Satellite GPS Infrared Short distances Line of sight

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Communication Channels Summary

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Connection Device Signals

Types of signals
Analog

Digital

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Connection Devices
Types of modems
Telephone DSL Cable Wireless

Transfer Speeds

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Connection Services
Dial-Up services Leased lines T1
T3 and DS3 have higher capacity

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

Uses existing phone lines One type widely used is ADSL

Cable
Uses existing TV cable Provides speeds as fast as DSL at a lower cost

Satellite/air connection services

Seven times faster than dial-up Slower than DSL & cable modem

Cellular Services - use 3G cellular network

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Typical User Connection Costs & Speeds

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Bandwidth
Measurement of the capacity of the channel Categories
Voice band also known as low bandwidth Medium band Broadband Baseband

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Protocols
Set of communication rules Standard for Internet: TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol)
Identification Packetization

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Networks
A computer network is a communication system Connects two or more computers Allows information exchange

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Computer Networks
Node Client Server Directory server

Host Switch Network interface cards (NIC) Network operating system (NOS) Network administrator

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Network Types
Local area networks Home networks Wireless LAN Personal Area networks Metropolitan area networks Wide area networks
LAN

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Network Architecture
Arrangement is called topology Types of network topology
Legacy
Star Bus

Current

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Ring Tree Hybrid Mesh

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Star Network
Smaller computers linked to a central unit Central unit is called the network switch Control is maintained by routing

Return
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Bus Network
Each device handles its own communication control There is no host Has a common connecting cable called a backbone or bus All communications travel along this bus

Return
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Ring Network
Each device is connected to two other devices No central file server or computer Useful in a decentralized environment

Return
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Tree Network
Several computers linked to a central node Also known as a hierarchical network Useful in centralized organizations

Return
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Hybrid Network
Combination of different topologies Large organizations have a complex of smaller networks
Smaller networks use a variety of configurations Connected together they form a hybrid
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Mesh Network
Newest type of topology Does not use a specific type of layout Requires that each node have more than one connection to other nodes Wireless technologies are frequently used
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Principal Network Configurations

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Network Strategies
Terminal Client/Server Peer-to-peer Distributed

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Organizational Networks
Intranets
Private network within an organization Provides information to employees

Extranets
Private network that connects organizations Used to allow suppliers and others access

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Network Security
Firewalls Hardware & software Protects against external threats Intrusion detection systems (NIDS) Virtual private networks (VPN)

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Careers In IT
Network Administrator
Manage a companys LAN and WAN networks Maintain hardware and software Diagnose and repair problems Candidates usually have a bachelors degree in computer science and practical experience Annual salary is typically between $48,500 and $79,000

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A Look to the Future

Telepresence Lets You Be There
Seeks to create the illusion that you are actually at a remote location Early implementations mainly focus on an extension of videoconferencing Someday could beyond simple voice
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Open-Ended Questions (1 of 2)
Define and discuss connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communications. Identify and describe the various physical and wireless communication channels. Identify the standard Internet protocol and discuss its essential features.

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Discussion Questions (2 of 2)
Discuss past and present network topologies. Define and discuss four common network strategies.

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