November 2009

Novel Applications of Colour Science

Hossein Izadan University of Leeds, UK

Department of Textile Engineering Isfahan University of Technology

Overview
- Conventional colour measurement instruments - Digital imaging devices, digital camera and scanner - Digital colour reproduction, colour management - Digital systems, Textile applications - Digital systems, Medical applications - Digital systems, Cosmetic applications - Digital systems, Dentistry applications - Digital systems, Conservation applications - Digital systems, Food applications

Conventional colour measurement instruments

- Spectroradiometers

- Colorimeters

- Spectrophotometers

Measurement of Radiance

Spectroradiometers measure the spectral radiance for an illuminated object note that this is a non-contact instrument and that the spectral radiance confounds reflectance and illumination

Measurement of Reflectance

Reflectance spectrophotometers measure the spectral reflectance factors of objects note that this is a contact instrument and that the reflectance factors are independent of the light source Colorimeters measure CIE XYZ and L*a*b* values directly

Limitations of Measurement
- Non-contact instruments (spectroradiometers) readings depend upon the
distance from the sample and the ambient lighting - Conventional instruments measure colour by analysing the total light reflected from the area of the object placed against the measurement port - The objects surface presume to be uniform in colour and flat - Many non-specialist contact reflectance spectrophotometers or colorimeters are too bulky for use in many applications - The flash of spectrophotometers lamp may contribute to the destruction of some samples, such as fine art paintings - Some specially designed instruments such as the X-Rite ShadeVision system can be used but practical use is difficult and often leads to inconsistent results. They also usually only measure part of the samples.

Dental Instruments

X-Rite ShadeVision

Digital Imaging Devices

Digital Camera Scanner

- Non-contact - Need a lighting cabinet - Non-colorimetric

- Sample in contact - No need to a lighting cabinet - Non- colorimetric

Accuracies of Digital imaging devices for Colour Measurement

Ref.
Attridge&Pointer Finlayson&Drew Hong Burns&Berns Hung Kang Wandell&Farrell

Device
Camera Camera Camera Camera (7 channels) Scanner Scanner Scanner

Mean DE
3.70 2.00 0.97 2.2 1.8 3.32 3.33

Max DE
15.47 10.87 3.7 5.1 5.8 ----10.82

NPL Report: Digital Cameras for Colour Measurement, 1999 Chart1 Average DE Median DE Max DE 0.579 0.528 1.887 Chart2 0.673 0.695 1.275 Chrart3 0.511 0.533 1.304

Results of characterisation using a skin colour chart

Examples of Digital Camera Systems

SmartScan

DigiEye

Colour fastness assessment

colour fastness assessment: a daily experiment in most of textile factories Colour fastness is the resistance of the colour of textiles to the different agents to which these materials may be exposed during manufacturing and their subsequent use (ISO 105-A01:1995) The magnitude of the visual contrast between treated and untreated samples compared to a series of standard pair of greys

Digital Systems, Textile Applications

Colour fastness assessment
Colour fastness is the resistance of the colour of textiles to the different agents to which these materials may be exposed during manufacturing and their subsequent use (ISO 105-A01:1995) The magnitude of the visual contrast between treated and untreated samples compared to a series of standard pair of greys

Who Uses Digital Systems - Textiles

Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia

Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology

Saudi Military Uniforms

Whiteness
~20% of UK adults are dissatisfied with their tooth colour (Alkhatib et al. 2005, Gerodontology) ~34% of USA adults are dissatisfied with their tooth colour (Odioso et al. 2000, Comp. on Con. Ed. in Dentistry) ~53%% an urban Chinese population are dissatisfied with their tooth colour (Xiao et al. 2007, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation) Some evidence that tooth appearance is more important to younger patients and to females (Vallittu et al. 1996, Journal of Dentistry)

Whiteness

Consumer tooth-whitening market > $500M per year in USA alone

Interaction of Light and Tooth

Colour is determined mainly by the thickness and translucency of the dentine

Reflected light combination of surface and body reflectance

Transmitted light

Intrinsic Stain
Intrinsic stains divided into pre- and post eruptive Pre-eruptive diseases such as haematological, liver developmental diseases of enamel and dentine medication (tetracycline and fluoride) Post eruptive amalgam, smoking, minocycline Incorporation of extrinsic stains into the enamel, Ageing, trauma

Extrinsic Stain
Chromogenic bacteria Chlorhexidine Tea Coffee Wine Antibiotics and iron supplements

Whitening Products
Toothpastes (abrasives and/or blue dyes) Over-the-counter consumer products Clinical chair-based treatments Treatments with blue lights

19% Sodium Percarbonate 25% Hydrogen Peroxide

Clinical Assessment

Advantages: Quick, Easy, Inexpensive Disadvantages: Subjective, Unreliable

Shade Guide Order

Vita standard Buisson Colgate B1, A1, B2, D2, A2, C1, C2, D4, A3, D3, B3, A3.5, B4, C3, A4, C4 B1, A1, C1, B2, D2, A2, A3, D3, C2, D4, B3, A3.5, B4, C3, A4, C4 B1, A1, C1, D2, B2, A2, D4, C2, A3, B3, D3, A3.5, B4, C3, A4, C4

Shade Guide Order

B1, A1, C1, D2, B2, A2, D4, C2, A3, B3, D3, A3.5, B4, C3, A4, C4

16

Effect of Surround

Effect of Surround

Generally, colours take on the opposite colour attribute of their surround

Take Home Message

Colour is subjective and the use of shade guides is often inaccurate.

Cameras record RGB

R = 190 G = 175 B = 160

Different cameras record different RGB values; even the same camera will record different RGB values depending upon the settings

RGB is not standard

CRT CRT

LED LED plasma plasma

Mobile displays Mobile displays

The same RGB values displayed on these devices The same RGB values displayed on these devices would most likely result in different colours would most likely result in different colours

Device-dependent colour

Uncalibrated screens on the airplane trip home.

RGB is not a complete colour specification

Effect of brightness setting

RGB is not a complete colour specification

Effect of contrast setting

RGB is not a complete colour specification

cooler

warmer

Effect of colour temperature

RGB is not a complete colour specification

gamma < 1 Effect of gamma

gamma > 2

RGB is not a complete colour specification

Take Home Message

Colour is subjective and the use of shade guides is often inaccurate. Taking a digital image and displaying it on an uncalibrated display device is likely even less accurate than using the shade guides.

Measurement

Take Home Message

Colour is subjective and the use of shade guides is often inaccurate. Taking a digital image and displaying it on an uncalibrated display device is likely even less accurate than using the shade guides. An international standard for colour specification exists however, most instruments are not designed for dental use and even those that are may be difficult to use.

Development of System at Leeds University / Colgate

The use of digital imaging is growing. Is it possible to combine the benefits of digital imaging with those of the CIE system of colour measurement? This is possible if the camera and capture conditions are very carefully controlled and if the camera RGB values can be converted into CIE values. This work was carried out by Wen Luo and supported by Colgate.

Development of System at Leeds University / Colgate

The imaging system was designed and constructed at the Colgate Dental Health Unit (Manchester)

Lip retractor and chin rest Annular LED array

3 CCD Camera

The intensity of the light source is calibrated before each patients measurements by adjusting the intensity to yield standard RGB values for a standard (tooth-coloured) card.

Leeds Tooth Measurement System

Leeds Tooth Measurement System

Tooth Imaging System

control

test

before

after

Test shows effect of a tray-based whitening system for 14 days

Yellowness Yellowness

Increasing yellowness
Yellowing is usually associated with a discoloration process such as ageing or burning; in the paper and textile industries, yellowing is normally accompanied with a decrease in Lightness (since the impurities produced by the discoloration process induce yellowness by absorbing the shorter wavelengths of light).

Whiteness
yellower bluer

darker

Whiteness

Experiments were carried out at Leeds University to rank tabs from the Shade Guide and to measure their colour values an optimal whiteness index was then developed for tooth whiteness

WIO = Y + 1075.012 (xn-x) +145.516 (yn-y).

Development of System at Leeds University / Colgate

WIO = Y + 1075.012 (xn-x) +145.516 (yn-y)

Changes in WIO in the whitening trials 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 Baseline vs 4th Baseline vs 7th day day
r2 Visual L* 0.865 a* 0.941 b* 0.933

WIO Differences

Control Test

Baseline vs 11th day

WIC 0.949

Baseline vs 14th day

W 0.957 WIO 0.968

Take Home Message

Colour is subjective and the use of shade guides is often inaccurate. Taking a digital image and displaying it on an uncalibrated display device is likely even less accurate than using the shade guides. An international standard for colour specification exists however, most instruments are not designed for dental use and even those that are may be difficult to use. A calibrated and characterised imaging system in conjunction with a specially designed whiteness equation can quantitatively assess the efficacy of whitening systems.