Refraction

Physical refraction
Cornea - 40 D, fluid of anterior chamber 0,5 D, lens 20-40 D, vitreous body 1 D

Clinical refraction

Myopia ("nearsightedness") is a refractive defect of the eye in which collimated light produces image focus in front of the retina when accomodation is relaxed.

Axial myopia is attributed to an increase in the eye's axial length. Refractive myopia - to the condition of the refractive elements of the eye. Curvature myopia - to excessive, or increased, curvature of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, especially the corne . Index myopia - to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media. Cataracts may lead to index myopia.

lassifi ation by degree or severity:

1. Low myopia - of 3.00 diopters or less. 2. Medium myopia - between 3.00 and 6.00 dpt. 3. High myopia - of 6.00 or more Simple myopia is characterized by an eye that is too long for its optical power or optically too powerful for its axial length. Degenerative myopia (malignant, pathological, progressive myopia) is characterized by marked fundus changes (posterior staphyloma, Fuchs dystrofy) and associated with a high refractive error and subnormal visual acuity after correction. This form of myopia gets progressively worse over time. Pseudomyopia is the blurring of distance vision brought about by spasm of the ciliary muscle. Induced myopia, also known as acquired myopia, results from exposure to various pharmaceuticals, increases in glucose levels, nuclear sclerosis, oxygen toxicity or other anomalous conditions.

Myopia

Cause

Myopia

1. genetic predisposition 2. environment changes

Myopia
Diagnosis. 1.Objective-autorefractor. 2. Subjectiv Visual acuty, phoropter.

Concave lenses

Contact lens correction Complications

Laser correction

Myopia Complications

Hyperopia

("farsightedness" or "long-sightedness) - images focus at a point behind the retina: 1) cornea is too flat; 2) eye is too small. Complains: blurred vision, asthenopia, accomodative dysfunction, binocular dysfunction, amblyopia and strabismus.

- convex lenses

Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism

Astigmatism

Regular principal meridians are perpendicular. Irregular principal meridians are not perpendicular. Oblique the steepest curve lies in between 120 and 150 degrees and 30 and 60 degrees.

Astigmatism
Simple first focal line coincides with the retina while the second is located behind the retina (hyperopic) or in front of the retina (myopic astigmatism). Compound both focal lines are located behind the retina (hyperopic) or in front of the retina (myopic astigmatism). Mixed focal lines are on both sides of the retina.
Em M-4D

Hm+2D

Em

Hm+4D

M-3D

Hm+1D Hm+1D

M-5D

M-1D

M-1D

Hm+3D

Astigmatism
Em M-1D

With-the-rule the vertical meridian is steepest Against-the-rule the horizontal meridian is steepest.

Hm+2D Hm+5D

Em M-4D

Hm+2D Hm+1D Em Em Hm+1D Hm+4D Hm+4D M-3D M-1D M-4D M-5D M-1D

M-1D

Hm+1D

DV - distance vision. NV - near vision. OD - oculus dexter (RE - right eye). OS - oculus sinister (LE - left eye). OU - oculi uterque (BE - both eyes).

A spherical correction - corrects refractive error with a single convergent or divergent refractive power in all meridians. A cylindrical correction corrects astigmatic refractive error in a meridian specified by the prescribed axis. The axis indicates the angle in degrees of one of two major meridians the prescribed cylindrical power is in. Pupillary Distance (PD) is the distance between pupils, usually given in millimeters.