Contents

             

Introduction Problem Definition Emergence Features History of Standardization and Outline Specification Configuration(h/w,s/w) Version and Module Size System Configuration Reed-Solomon Error Correction Technique Structure of QR Code Applications Future scope Limitations Conclusion

Introduction

a matrix code or a 2 dimensional bar code

created by Japanese corporation Denso Wave

PROBLEM DEFINATION

Emergence

A QR Code holds data in both Vertical and Horizontal directions.

Features

High Capacity Encoding of Data Small Printout Size Dirt and Damage Resistant Readable from any direction in 360 Structured Append Feature

High Capacity Encoding of Data

A QR Code symbol of this size can encode 300 alphanumeric characters.

Small Print Out Size

A QR Code encodes the same amount of data in approximately one-tenth the space of a traditional Bar Code.

Dirt and Damage Resistant

Data can be restored even if the symbol is partially dirty or damaged.

Maximum 30% of code words can be restored.

Readable from any direction in 360

Position detection patterns guarantee stable high speed reading, circumventing the negative effects of background interference.

Structured Append Feature

These codes can be divided into
multiple data areas.

Conversely, information stored in multiple Code symbols can be reconstructed as single data symbols.

One data symbol can be divided into up to 16 symbols, allowing printing in a narrow area.

History of QR Code Standardization

QR Code Standardization October, 1997 March, 1998 January, 1999 June, 2000 Nov, 2004 Approved as AIM International (Automatic Identification Manufacturers International) standard (ISS - QR Code) Approved as JEIDA (Japanese Electronic Association) standard (JEIDA-55) Industry Development

Approved as JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) standard (JIS X 0510) Approved as ISO international standard (ISO/IEC18004) Micro QR Code is Approved as JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) standard (JIS X 0510)

QR Code Outline Specifications

Symbol size Type & Amount of Data (Mixed use is possible.) 21 21 - 177 177 modules (size grows by 4 modules/side) Numeric Alphanumeric 8-bit bytes (binary) Level L Error correction (data restoration) Level M Level Q Level H Max. 7,089 characters Max. 4,296 characters Max. 2,953 characters Approx. 7% of code words can be restored. Approx. 15% of code words can be restored. Approx. 25% of code words can be restored. Approx. 30% of code words can be restored.

Symbol Versions..1 to 40

Module size

Printer Head Density

Scanner Factors

QR CODE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

QO Code printer

Scanner or a mobile phone

REED SOLOMON ERROR CORRECTION

It works by over sampling a polynomial constructed from

the data.

They are used in wide variety of commercial applications, most prominently in CDs and DVDs. There are 4 levels of error correction that determine the symbol version. Raising this level increases the amount of data QR Code size.

Structure of a QR Code
White and Black cells are called Finder Pattern and Timing Pattern.

In yellow color parts, encoded data is stored.

In Cyan color parts, Format Formation is stored.

Applications

You point your cell phone camera at it, take a snapshot and presto!

Applications Contd..

Process of creating a self contained still image representation for video and playback without accessing a server.

Applications Contd..
Grocery stores can have these codes on its items so that customer can download all kinds of nutritional information.

In the automotive industry.

In libraries.

In Pharmacy.

Limitations
These QR Codes are always square and the minimum QR Code Size is 21*21. The size grows at arbitrary 4 modules per side. Finder Pattern are very industry looking and take up a lot of space. To send and receive messages, handsets must be web enabled. These codes provide a lot of privacy which can prove to be a social hazard.

Future Scope

Handling of objects with marks by a robot

Movie QR Codes
It incorporates moving images into the design.

Conclusions
It is a 2D Bar Code or a Matrix Code.
It can be programmed both horizontally and vertically.

QR Codes can be read from any direction.

Data can be restored even if QR code is damaged or torn partially.

These codes are very interactive.

It has wide application in mobile phones, robotics, pharmacy, industry etc.

References
[1]. Katsuki, R.; Ota, J.; Tamura, Y.; Mizuta, T.; Kito, T.; Arai, T.; Ueyama, T.; Nishiyama, T., "Handling of objects with marks by a robot," Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2003. (IROS 2003). Proceedings. 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, vol.1, no., pp. 130-135 vol.1, 27-31 Oct. 2003 ".

[2]. Falas, Kashani, "Two-Dimensional Bar-Code Decoding with Camera-Equipped Mobile Phones," percomw, pp. 597-600, Fifth IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerComW'07), 2007 [3]. Hara Akihiro(Asukayakkyoku) Kusunoki Kiyomi(Asukayakkyoku) Kurobe Takahiro(Denso Corp., JPN) Application of QR Code in Medicine, Japan Journal of Medical Informatics, 2000, vol 20. [4]. Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes: 12th ... By Teo Mora, Harold F. Mattson. [5]. Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting By Vera Pless. [6]. Handbook of Combinatorial Designs By C. J. (Charles J.) Colbourn, Jeffrey H. Dinitz