Modulation & Its Types

Presented By-
P.L.Rongmei
Manoj Kumar
(ME-I
ST
YR, I&C)




Electrical Engineering
Deptt
NITTTR, Chandigarh
1. Communication: Processing, sending and receiving of information
Source of
information
Transmitter
Link
Receiver
Destination
i) Speech
ii) Pictures
iii) Words
iv) Codes
v) Symbols
vi) Commands
vii) Data
i) Oscillators ii) Amplifiers
iii) Filters iv) Antenna
i) Wire Links
ii) Wireless
iii) Optic Fibres
i) Radio ii) TV iii) Computer iv) Telephone
v) Teleprinter vi) Telegraph vii) Fax viii) Internet
BASICS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication: Processing, sending and receiving of information
2. Information: Intelligence, signal, data or any measurable physical quantity
3. Basic Communication System:
Forms of Communication:

1. Radio Broadcast
2. Television Broadcast
3. Telephony
4. Telegraphy
5. Radar
6. Sonar
7. Fax (Facsimile Telegraphy)
8. E-mail
9. Teleprinting
10. Telemetering
11. Mobile Phones
12. Internet


Types of communication:

1. Cable communication
2. Ground wave
communication
3. Sky wave
communication
4. Satellite communication
5. Optic fibre
communication

Analogue signal
A continuous signal value which
at any instant lies within the
range of a maximum and a
minimum value.
A discontinuous signal value
which appears in steps in pre-
determined levels rather than
having the continuous change.
Digital signal
0 t
V
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
t
0
2 3 4 /2 3/2 5/2 7/2 = t
E ,I
E
0

E = E
0
sin t
I = I
0
sin t
I
0

MODULATION:
Modulation is the process of variation of some characteristic
of a high frequency wave (carrier wave) in accordance with the
instantaneous value of a modulating signal.
NEED FOR MODULATION:

1) TO REDUCE THE ANTENNA HEIGHT
2) TO MULTIPLEX THE MORE NUMBER OF SIGNALS
3) TO NARROW BANDING THE SIGNAL
4) TO REDUCE EQUIPMENT COMPLEXITY


Height of Antenna = 1/4 wavelength
and, wavelength = velocity of light / frequency
range of audio frequency = (20 - 20k)hz.

Types of Modulation:

1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
Modulator
A.F.
Signal Amplitude
Modulated
Signal
H.F. Signal
Oscillator
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM):
e
m
= E
m
sin e
m
t

e
c
= E
c
sin e
c
t

e = E
AM
sin u


Amplitude modulation of a sine or cosine carrier results in
a variation of the carrier amplitude that is proportional to
the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Where,
e
m
= modulating
signal
e
c
= carrier signal
e = modulated
signal
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM):

Here,
E
AM
= E
C
+e
M
e = E
AM
sin u

e = (E
C
+e
M
) sin u
e = (E
c
+ E
m
sin e
m
t) sin e
c
t
Where,
E
AM
= Amplitude of Modulated signal
sin u = sin e
c
t


AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM):
From the above expression,
m
a
=Modulation Index; m
a
= k
a
E
m
/E
c

k
a
= amplitude sensitivity

If k
a
=1, then m
a
= E
m
/E
c

e = E
c
sin e
c
t + (m
a
E
c
/2) cos (e
c
- e
m
)t
- (m
a
E
c
/2) cos (e
c
+ e
m
)t

1. The Amplitude Modulated wave is the summation of three
sinusoidal waves with different frequencies e
c
, e
c
- e
m
and
e
c
+ e
m
namely Original frequency, Lower Side Band
frequency and Upper Side Band frequency respectively.
2. The Bandwidth required for AM, BW = 2 e
m

3. The amplitude E
c
of the unmodulated carrier wave is made
proportional to the instantaneous voltage (e
m
= E
m
sin e
m
t)
of the modulating wave.
Voltage
Amplitude
Frequency
Inferences from equation for e:
e
c
- e
m
e
c
e
c
+ e
m
Significance of Modulation Index:
m
a
E
c
= k
a
E
m
E
min
E
max
e
0
E
max =
E
c +
m
a
E
c
E
min =
E
c -
m
a
E
c
E
max
-

E
min
E
max
+

E
min
m
a
=
Generally,
0 < m
a
< 1
AF signal
m
a
= 0 (No modulation)
m
a
= 0.5 or 50%
On manipulating, we get
m
a
= 1 or 100%
m
a
> 1 or 100%
E
c
Power Relation in the AM wave:
If the modulated wave is applied to a resistor of resistance R
(say antenna circuit), then the r.m.s. power dissipated in the
form of heat is,
P
r.m.s
= (1/R)|{E
c
/\2}
2
+ {m
a
E
c
/2\2}
2
+ {m
a
E
c
/2\2}
2
|
P
rms
= (E
c
2
/2R) |1 + (m
a
2
/2)| = P
c
|1 + (m
a
2
/2)|
(where P
c
is power dissipated by unmodulated carrier
wave)

If m
a
= 1, then P
rms
P
max
and P
max
= 3 P
c
/2

Similarly, Power carried by both side bands P
SB
= P
rms
/ 3
which is wasted.
Generation of AM Waves
Consider, two devices used for the generation of
AM waves:

1. The square Law Modulator
2. The Switching Modulator
Square Law Modulator:

Required Three features:
1. Summing (Carrier and Modulating)
2. Non Linear Element
3. Band Pass Filter





Fig. Square-Law Modulation
Square Law Modulator
The output v
1
(t) of the Non-Linear Element is given by;
v
2
(t) = a
1
v
1
(t) + a
2
v
1
2
(t) (by Square-Law)
Where, a
1
and a
2
are constants.
Input signal to non-linear element,
v
1
(t) = A
c
cos(2tf
c
t) + m(t)
From the above two equation,
v
2
(t) = a
1
A
c
[1+(2a
2
/a
1
)m(t)]cos(2tf
c
t) +
a
1
m(t) + a
2
m
2
(t) + a
2
(A
c
)
2
cos
2
(2tf
c
t).

the first term is the desire AM wave with amplitude
sensitivity k
a
= 2a
2
/a
1
. the remaining three terms are
unwanted terms that are removed by filtering.
Switching Modulator:

Consider the arrangements of switching modulator
as shown in fig. it is used for carrier wave c(t) is
greater than m(t) in amplitude.

Switching Modulator:
V
1
(t) = A
c
cos(2tf
c
t) + m(t)
Where ,m(t), << Ac the resulting load voltage
V
2
(t) is
V
2
(t) = V1(t), c(t) > 0
= 0 , c(t) < 0
The load voltage V
2
(t) varies periodically
between the value V
1
(t) & 0 at a rate equal to
the carrier frequency f
c

Demodulation
It is reverse process of Modulation.
The devices used for Demodulation are;

1. Square-Law Detector
2. Envelope Detector

Square-Law Detector

It is essentially obtained by using a Square-Law
Modulator for the purpose of Demodulation.
By square-Law, determination of transfer
characteristic of a non-linear device is given by,
v
2
(t) = a
1
v
1
(t) + a
2
v
1
2
(t) (1)
The input of the device will be,
v
1
(t) = A
c
[

1+k
a
m(t)]cos(2tf
c
t) (2)

From the above two equations, the desired is,
A
c
2
k
a
m(t)
Which is obtained from the term a
2
v
1
2
(t) as
explained in equation (1).
Envelope Detector
An envelope detector produced an output
signal that follows the envelope of input signal
waveform exactly.
The circuit diagram of envelope detector is
given below:

Working of Envelope Detector

Requirement:

-- Narrow band of AM wave(f
c
>>f
m
).
-- Percentage of modulation is less than
100%.

Contd.. (Working of Envelope Detector)
AM signal
R
C
t
t
t
+

v
c
(t)

-
R
s
Contd.. (Working of Envelope Detector)
Necessary condition;
-- The diode should be ideal.
-- The charging time constant should be
R
s
C<<1/f
c

--The discharging time constant R
L
C ranges as:
1/f
c
<< R
L
C<<1/W .
Where, W Message bandwidth.
f
c
-carrier frequency.

DSB-SC Modulation

A fraction of total power transmitted is
affected by the m(t) and the rest of the power
is because of information carrying signal.
We may suppress the carrier component from
the modulated wave.
By suppressing the carrier wave, we obtain a
modulated wave that is proportional to the
product of the carrier wave and the baseband
signal.
Therefore, s(t) = A
c
cos(2tf
c
t) m(t).
Generation of DSBSC wave
The device for achieving the requirement of
the DSBSC modulated wave is called product
modulator. The device can be described in
two forms:

(1) Balance modulator
(2) Ring modulator
Balanced Modulator
To suppress the carrier wave, two AM modulators are
used as shown in block diagram
Contd Balanced Modulator
Condition to be satisfied:
Both the Modulators should be identical.
One of the m(t) applied to the modulators should
be opposite in polarity (-m(t).
Then, the output of the modulators are;
s
1
(t) = A
c
[

1+k
a
m(t)]cos(2tf
c
t) and
s
2
(t) = A
c
[

1- k
a
m(t)]cos(2tf
c
t)
Subtracting s
2
(t) from s
1
(t), we get
s

(t) = 2k
a
A
c
cos(2tf
c
t) m(t)
Ring Modulator
The Ring Modulator circuit consist of ;
Four Diodes
Two Transformers
Generation of DSBSC
wave
Ring Modulator
Diode switching modes:





( a) (b)
Ring Modulator
DSBSC Waves Detector
There are three Detectors of DSBSC Waves:

1. Coherent Detector
2. Costas Receiver
3. Squaring Loop
Coherent Detector

This method of demodulation is also known as
Synchronous Detector.
The block diagram of the detector is shown below;







v(t)=A
c
cos (2tf
c
t + u) s(t) and
v
o
(t)= A
c
A
c

cos u m(t)
SSB Modulation
In Amplitude Modulation including DSBSC
Modulation, the transmission bandwidth is
double the message bandwidth (uper-
sideband and lower-sideband).
Both the sidebands are carrying same
information.
One of the sideband can be suppressed
without any lost of information.
This system is known as Single Sideband (SSB)
system.

SSB Modulation
Different Spectrums are shown below;

Spectrum of Baseband signal



Spectrum of DSBSC wave.


Spectrum of SSB wave with
upper-sideband transmitted


Spectrum of SSB wave with
lower-sideband transmitted




Generation of SSB
There are two method of Generation of SSB waves:
1. Frequency Discrimination Method
2. Phase discrimination Method

The block diagram of frequency discrimination method
(single stage) for generating SSB wave is shown in below;
Demodulation of SSB waves
SSB waves Demodulation block diagram is
shown in fig. below;
Vestigial Sideband Modulation
In VSB system one sideband and a vestige of
other sideband are transmitted together.
The resulting signal has a bandwidth > the
bandwidth of the modulating (baseband)
signal but < the DSB signal bandwidth.
If the baseband signal contains significant
components at extremely low frequencies,
which may not be present in both the
sidebands.
The above condition the SSB is inappropriate.


Vestigial Sideband Modulation
Spectrum of
Baseband Signal

Spectrum of
VSB Wave

Block diagram of VSB:
Angle modulation
There are two forms of angle modulation
phase modulation & frequency modulation
detail of the angle modulation given below.
Let the angle modulation wave is
s(t)= Ac cos[
i(t)
]..(1)
where Ac -is Carrier amplitude,
i(t )
= Angle of
a modulated sinusoidal career
a complete oscillation occurs whenever
i(t)

changes by 2 radians.
Continued.
The angle
i(t)
may be varied in some manner with the base
band signal. Consider Only two methods. (1) phase modulation
(2) frequency modulation
Phase modulation- phase modulation is defined as the
process in which the phase of the carrier wave is varied in
accordance with a message signal or the baseband signal. in phase
modulation Amplitude & frequency are constant.
OR in which the angle
i(t)
is varied linearly with the message signal
m(t).

i(t )
= 2f
c
t+ k
p
m(t)(1) where 2f
c
t angle of
the un modulated career. k
p
= phase sensitivty of the modulator
in radian/volt
The phase modulated wave s(t) is
s(t) =A
c
Cos [2f
c
t + k
p
m(t) ]..(2)
1. AM is an easier method of transmitting and receiving
speech signals.
2. It requires simple and inexpensive receivers.
3. It is a fairly efficient system of modulation.
Drawbacks:
1. AM is more likely to suffer from noise.
2. Appreciable energy is contained by three components of
AM wave. Sufficient energy can be saved by suppressing
carrier wave and one of the side bands. This process
makes the equipment complex.
3. Cost of such transmitters and receivers becomes
practically more.
Advantages:
Phase modulation
Wave forms of phase modulation.
Wave forms of phase modulation
Block Diag. Of Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation is defined as the process in which the
Frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with a
message signal or the baseband signal .in Frequency
modulation Amplitude & phase are constant.
OR
Frequency modulation (FM) is that form of angle modulation in
which the instantaneous frequency fi(t) is varied linearly
with the base band signal m(t) as shown by
fi(t)= f
c
+ k
f
m(t).(1)
where- f
c
frequency of the unmodulated carrier,


FM Continued
integrating equ.(1)
Wave shape


Types of frequency modulation
Block diag of method of generating a
narrow band FM signal.
Integrator

Narrow band
FM Wave
Modulating
Wave Product
Modulator
90
o
- phase
shifter
Carrier wave
A
c
cos(2tf
c
t)
A
c
sin(2tf
c
t)
Fig: Block diagram of a method for generating a Narrow
band Modulator
Narrow band Modulator
Types of frequency modulation
Wide band frequency modulation.
Wide band frequency modulation is analysed
with the Bessel Function of the first kind and
argument for which will be large and the
value of is given by;
=f/f
m

= modulation index.
Generation of FM
There are essentially two methods of
generating frequency- modulated signals.

(1)Indirect FM
(2) Direct FM
Indirect FM- in this method the
instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave
is not varied directly in accordance with the
message s/g. This method also called
ARMSTRONG Freq. Modulation Method.
For this method kept small. For minimize
the distortion.
S(t) = A
c
Cos[ 2tf
c
t + sin(2tf
m
t)]
= n
1
Generation of FM
Generation of FM
Indirect FM- this method is explain with
the help of block diagram.





fig.:- block diag of indirect method
Integrator
Frequency
Multiplier
Narrow-band
phase
modulator
Fixed
oscillator
FM Signal
Base band
Signal
Generation of FM
oDirect FM method in this method
instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is
varied directly in accordance with the message
s/g. By means of a device known as a voltage
controlled oscillator.
o Hartley oscillator used.
o frequency of oscillation of Hartley oscillator is
f
i(t)
=1/2{(L
1
+L
2
)C(t)}
1/2
un modulated frequency
f
o
= 1/2{ C
o
(L
1
+L
2
)}
1/2


Generation of FM
Direct FM






Block Diag. of wide-band frequency modulator
using a voltage-controlled oscillator
m(t) Voltage
Controlled
oscillator
Frequency
Multiplier
Frequency
Multiplier
Mixer
Band pass
Filter
Wide-band
FM Wave
Fixed
oscillator
Demodulation of FM
Frequency demodulation is the process that enables to
recover the original modulating signal.
There are two methods for demodulation:
1. Frequency discriminator method
2. Phase-Locked Looped Demodulator
1. Block diagram of Frequency discriminator method:-
Frequency discriminator
Wave shape:


f
c
-B
T
/2 f
c
+B
T
/2
-f
c
-B
T
/2 - f
c
+B
T
/2
-B
T
/2 0 +B
T
/2
Slope= -2a
Slope=2a
f
f

1
(f)/j
H
2
(f)/j
f
c
-B
T
/2 f
c
+B
T
/2
-f
c
-B
T
/2 - f
c
+B
T
/2
Slope=2a
f
H
1
(f)/j
0
0
Demodulation of FM
2. Phase- locked loop demodulator:-

FM wave e(t) v(t)

r(t)



(Block diagram of phase locked loop)
Loop Filter
Voltage
controlled
oscillator


THANK YOU