CIVIL ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE

Subject : Engineering Design & Skill Development

Reference book: James Garratt, (2004), Design and Technology, Second edition, Replika press (Pvt.) Ltd, India

The Engineering Design Process

The Engineering Design Process is a series of steps that engineers use to guide them as they solve problems. Many variations of the model exist. While having a guide is useful for novices who are learning about engineering, it is important to note that practicing engineers do not adhere to a rigid step-by-step interpretation of the process. Rather there are as many variations of the model as there are engineers. The engineering design process is cyclical and can begin at any step. In real life, engineers often work on just one or two steps and then pass along their work to another team.

Ask
What do I want to do? What is the problem? What have others done?

Imagine
What could be some solutions? Brainstorm ideas. Pick one to start with that you think will work the best.

Plan
Draw a diagram of your idea. Make lists of materials you will need to make it. Decide how it works. How will you test it?

Create
Build a prototype. Test it. Talk about what works, what doesn t, and what could work better.

Improve
Talk about how you could improve your product. Draw new designs. Make your product the best it can be!

Design process flow chart (in detail)

Situation Analyse the situation Write a brief Carry out research Write a specification

Design process flow chart (cont d)

Work out possible solution Select preferred solution Prepare working drawings and plan ahead Construct a prototype Test and evaluate the design Write a report

Group activity
Discuss the design process involve in construction/design of :
    Footbridge between Suranimala building and Basketball court. (group 1,2,3,) Office work station for Squadron commander of Intake 29 (4,5) Pop group s mobile stage(6,7) Water storage tank (8,9,10)

Ergonomics
Most of the things we design and make are used by people. We may touch or hold them, lift or carry them, manipulate, operate or control them, stand, sit or lie on (or in) them, wear them, look at them and so on. Our health and safety and comfort therefore depend on them being well designed and constructed.

The study of the design of objects, systems and environments for their safe and efficient use by people is called ergonomics.
When designing for people, three main factors will required investigating: 1. The size of the people who will use the designs, 2. The movements they will make 3. The reactions of the body to the design through the senses

Design for people Size

When designing for people you must take into account all the measurements which are important for the safe and comfortable use of the design. The science of measuring people is called anthropometrics. Ex: Hand Body portion Design s overall dimension : pushing, lifting, holding, carrying, operating, controlling : size and shape of the user : convenience and safety for user and for environment

Design for people Movement

Some of the factors addressed when design for movement: Natural body movement Restricted movement Body fatigue (weakness) Balance space

Senses
Some of the factors addressed when design for sense: Size shape and form Surface finish Supporting surface Heat and cold Noise and vibration Visual elements weight

Design exercise
Pick up your own pen and look at it carefully as you hold it in the normal writing position. Now write something with it.
Does it write well? Is it is easy to use? Does it feel comfortable? Could you use it for a long period without discomfort?

If you can answer yes to these questions, it would appear that your pen has been well designed for its main functions

Group work
List and describe in detail all the ergonomic factors which you feel are important to safe, comfortable and efficient use of followings.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Safety/combat helmet - ladder wheel chair lawn cutter - shovel car seat drawing table carrying bag rowing boat - bicycle

Structures
Construction or framework of identifiable elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.) which gives form and stability, and resists stresses and strains. Structures have defined boundaries within which, (1) each element is physically or functionally connected to the other elements, and (2) the elements themselves and their interrelationships are taken to be either fixed (permanent) or changing only occasionally or slowly.

Types of structures
Made from bars joined together Most economical ways of building structures

Frame structure Shell structure

Assembled from shaped panels Not exactly made from bars

Structural failure
Failures of structurs:  Poor design  Fatigue (structural damage from repeated loading)  Failure of materials  Failure of joints Failures occurs because of forces acting on the structures.

Static /stationary Due to the its forces

own weight or the load being carried

Dynamic/ moving forces

Produced by the wind, sea, vehicles, people etc

Forces in structures
Forces induced by gravity
Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles)

Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others

Forces in structures

Vertical: Gravity

Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

Forces in structures

Sliding

Overturning

Forces in structures

Tension Forces which can cause a member to stretch .

Compression Forces which can cause a member to squashed or buckled.

Forces in structures
100 kg

Bending

Forces which act at an angle to a member, tend to make it bend.

Torsion Forces which can cause a member to twist .

Forces in structures

Shear forces act across a material in such a way that one part of the structure can be forced to slide over another.

Analysing for tension and compression

A tie B

Member AB is being stretched by the load and therefore it feels a tension force. This must be true because if AB was to break the point xx would move apart. This could only happen if the member was under tension. A member under tension was called a tie.

strut C

Analysing for tension and compression

A B

x x C

Member CB however, is being squashed. It therefore feels a compression force. This must be because if AB was to break, points XX would cross over one another. This could only happen if the member was under compression. A member under compression is called a strut .

Types of members and their uses

Structural sections

Steel wires

Flat strip

Angle girder

I - girder

T - girder

Steel channel

Beams
 Any member which has to resist bending is called a beam.  The stiffness (its ability to resist bending) of a beam depends upon the material from which the beam is made, and the section of the beam.

Question
For each of the product shown here, state whether the structure indicated need to be strong in tension, compression or torsion.
B A D C

Engineering

DESIGN & BUILD APPLYING ACQUIRING

structures scientific discipline art Engineering skill profession machines mathematical devices economic systems social practical knowledge materials processes

Main branches of engineering

Chemical engineering

Civil engineering

Electrical engineering

Mechanical engineering

Interdisciplinary and specialized fields

Civil Engineering
A People Serving Profession

Civil Engineering
Civil engineering focuses infrastructure of the world: on the

Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc.

Civil engineering
Civil engineering comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built environments.
mining Earthquake Wind Architectural oecan

Geotechnical Engineering

Structural Engineering

Environmental Engineering
Ecological Fire protection Sanitary Hydraulic municipal

Transportation Engineering
Traffic Highway Railway system

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Wonder Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Date of construction 2584 2561 BC Around 600 BC Builder Egyptians Babylonians Lydians, Greeks Greeks Carians, Greeks Cause of destruction Still in existence Earthquakes Arson by Herostratus, Plundering Fire The original structure was destroyed by flood. Earthquake Modern location Giza Necropolis, Egypt Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq near Seluk, Izmir Province, Turkey Olympia, Greece Bodrum, Turkey

Temple of Artemis c. 550 BC at Ephesus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 466 456 BC 351 BC

Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria

292 280 BC c. 280 BC

Greeks

Rhodes, Greece Alexandria, Egypt

Ptolemaic Earthquake Egypt Greeks

Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Temple of Artemis

Colossus of Rhodes Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Lighthouse of Alexandria

Assign 10 groups to research the followings

1. The Channel Tunnel 2. The CN Tower 3. The Empire State Building 4. The Golden Gate Bridge 5. Itaipu Damn 6. Netherlands North Sea Protection Works 7. The Panama Canal 8. Southern highway 9. BMICH 10. Hambanthota harbor

seven modern wonders

Tasks: 1. Presentation 10 15 mins 2. Report 3 pages including cover the cover page

Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel also referred to as the Chunnel) is a 50.5-km undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel. At its lowest point, it is 75 m deep. At 37.9 km, the Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea portion of any Overview tunnel in the world.
Location Coordinates English Channel (Strait of Dover) Folkestone: 515 49.5 N 19 21 E Coquelles: 5055 22 N146 50. 16 E

Status Start End

Active Folkestone, Kent, United Kingdom Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, France Operation 6 May 1994 (tunnel) 14 November 1994 (passenger service) Eurotunnel Eurotunnel Eurostar DB Schenker Rail (UK) Through-rail passenger and freight. Vehicle shuttle. Technical 50.45 km (31.35 mi) 2 single track tunnels 1 service tunnel 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 rd gauge 25 kV AC OHLE
1 2 in)

Opened

Owner Operator

Character

Map of the Channel Tunnel

Line length No. of tracks Gauge Electrified

(standa

CN Tower
The CN Tower is a communications and observation tower in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Standing 553.33 m tall, it was completed in 1976, becoming the world's tallest free-standing structure and world's tallest tower at the time. It held both records for 34 years until the completion of Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower. It remains the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, a signature icon of Toronto's skyline, and a symbol of Canada, attracting more Canadian National Tower, than two million international visitors annually. Alternative names Canada's National Tower
General information Status Type Complete observation, telecommunications, attraction, restaurant Toronto, Ontario, Canada 43.6426N 79.3871W Coordinates: 43.6426N 79.3871W 1972 1976 Height Antenna spire Roof Top floor Floor count Elevator count 553.33 m (1,815.4 ft) 457.2 m (1,500.0 ft) 446.5 m (1,464.9 ft) Technical details 147 (equivalent) 6 Design and construction Architect John Andrews Architect WZMH Architects

Location Coordinates

Construction started Completed

CN Tower is the world's 5th tallest free-standing structure.

Empire State Building

The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark skyscraper and American cultural icon in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It has a roof height of 381m, and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 443.2m high. Its name is derived from the nickname for New York, the Empire State. It stood as the world's tallest building for 40 years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building reclaimed the position of tallest building in New York (although it was no longer the tallest in the world). Once the new One World Trade Center is completed, it will once again be demoted to second tallest building in New York.
General information Type Location Office, observation 350 Fifth Avenue Manhattan, New York 10118 4044 54.36 N7359 08.36 WCoordinates: 4044 54.36 N 7359 08.36 W 1929 1931 $40,948,900 Height Antenna spire Roof Top floor 1,454 ft (443.2 m) 1,250 ft (381.0 m) 1,224 ft (373.2 m)

Coordinates

Construction started Completed Cost

Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean. As part of both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1, the structure links the city of San Francisco, on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, to Marin County. It is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and of the United States. It has been declared one of the modern Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide considers the Golden Gate Bridge "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world".
Material Total length Width Height Longest span Vertical clearance Steel 1.7 mi (2.7 km) or 8,981 ft (2,737.4 m) 90 ft (27.4 m) 746 ft (227.4 m) 4,200 ft (1,280.2 m) 14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates, higher truck loads possible 220 ft (67.1 m) January 5, 1933 April 19, 1937 May 27, 1937; 74 years ago

Clearance below Construction begin Construction end Opened

Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Paran River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay..
Type of dam Combination gravity, buttress and embankment sections 196 m (643 ft) 7,919 m (25,981 ft) 12,300,000 3 m (430,000,000 cu ft) Paran River 62,200 m /s (2,196,572 cu ft/s)
3

Height Length Volume Impounds Spillway capacity

Netherlands North Sea Protection Works This singularly unique, vast and complex system of dams, floodgates, storm surge barriers and other engineered works literally allows the Netherlands to exist. For centuries, the people of the Netherlands have repeatedly attempted to push back the sea, only to watch brutal storm surges flood their efforts, since the nation sits below sea level and its land mass is still sinking. The North Sea Protection Works consists of two monumental steps the Dutch took to win their struggle to hold back the sea.

Panama Canal The Panama Canal is a 82km ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) and the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914. In the interim, yellow fever caused many deaths and delays and it wasn't until that threat and a better design for the canal was arrived at, that the canal could be completed.

Basic House Designs

Introduction
A residential home designer has four basic designs from which to choose:
1. 2. 3. 4. One-story ranch. One-and-one-half-story. Two-story. Split-level.

Each style has strengths and weaknesses.

(continued)

Introduction
Several factors should play a role in the final decision in choosing a basic design: Space available for the house. Site contour and surroundings. Climate. Convenience and cost. Personal preference and needs.

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

The one-story ranch style house has all the regular living space on one level. It may have a basement, crawl space, or slab floor. One of the chief advantages is that it lends itself to indoor-outdoor living. Patios (Porticos), porches (verandahs), and terraces can be added off most any room.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

One of the many style variations for a typical one-story ranch house.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Another advantage of this design is the absence of stairs where there is no basement. The ranch is popular with older and handicapped people. Usually has a low-pitched roof with wide overhangs. Short walls make outside maintenance easy.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

The quality of this outdoor space greatly enhances the living area of the home.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

This modern variation of the basic ranch design minimizes height problems in construction.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

This computer-generated rendering shows a large ranch house that combines simplified construction and minimal maintenance.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Low height simplifies construction. The low and long appearance of the ranch is pleasing to most people. A great number of variations are possible. The ranch easily lends itself to expansion and modification. A ranch house usually costs more to build than other designs of the same square footage.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Ranch design with a full basement.

(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Ranch design with a crawl space.

(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Ranch design with slab construction.

(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

Maintenance costs may be more on a ranch because of the large roof and exterior wall surfaces. Considerable hall space may be required in a large ranch style house. Careful planning should be done to keep hall space to a minimum.
(continued)

Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

This spacious ranch house has extensive roof and wall areas that may produce maintenance problems.
(continued)
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Type - 01

One-Story Ranch Designs

An excessive amount of hall space is required to make this ranch design serviceable.
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Type - 02

One-and-One-Half-Story Designs

The one-and-one-half-story design is sometimes called a Cape Cod. It has one-story with an expanded attic (top story). It usually has dormers for additional light and ventilation. Economical to build. Built-in expandability in the attic about 1/2 the floor space of the first floor.
(continued)

Type - 02

One-and-One-Half-Story Designs

Typical one-andone-half-story house.

(continued)

Type - 02

One-and-One-Half-Story Designs

Type - 02

One-and-One-Half-Story Designs

Additional costs to build a one-and-one-halfstory house result from dormers, stairs, and a slightly steeper roof. This design is quite versatile. A minimal house will have two bedrooms, one bath, and an unfinished attic.

(continued)

Type - 02

One-and-One-Half-Story Designs

Heating costs are minimized due to the small outside wall area. The electrical and plumbing systems should be planned with expansion in mind.

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

The two-story house is more economical to build than a one-story. Requires a smaller lot due to the smaller roof and foundation area. May be built with a basement, crawl space, or on a slab. Heating is simple and comparatively economical heat rises naturally to the second floor.
(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

A section view of a typical two-story house with a basement.

(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

An attractive traditional two-story house that fits comfortably on a small lot.

(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

Ventilation is easy and effective with an ample number of windows. The popularity of two-story houses varies from location to location. Exterior maintenance is usually more difficult and costly for a two-story house because of height. Stairs are a problem for some people.
(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

Two-story houses like this one were once very common in the world.
(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

This basic two-story house has a contemporary (modern) appearance.

(continued)

Type - 03

Two-Story Designs

The two-story does not lend itself to variations in style as well as some other designs. Architects have added a contemporary flair and, therefore, improved the overall appearance and demand for two-story houses.

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

The split-level design was developed for a sloping or hilly lot to take advantage of a troublesome difference in elevation. As a general rule, a split-level house should not be built on a flat lot. The split-level makes efficient use of space and has little hall space. Sleeping, living, and recreation areas are separated on different levels.
(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

This split-level house illustrates the standard arrangement of living levels.

(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

Arrangement of a four-level house.

(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

The lowest level of the house is usually the basement level.

Contains the heating and cooling equipment, storage, and shop or laundry. This level is generally about 40% to 60% of the house footprint.

The next level up is the intermediate level garage and recreation area.
(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

The intermediate level is at ground level. Patios and terraces may be attached to the recreation area. The intermediate level may also have a foyer, utility room, or family room. Slightly higher than the intermediate level is the living level. This level is at ground level also; the sloping grade makes this possible.
(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

The kitchen, dining room, living room, and full or 1/2 bath are generally located on the living level. The foyer, utility, and laundry may also be located on this level, if preferred. At the highest level of the house is the sleeping level bedrooms and bath.
(continued)

Type - 04

Split-Level Designs

Split-level houses do have some negative aspects:

Generally more expensive to build than a twostory house. Heating may be a problem if not handled properly; zoning will solve the problem. Providing access to the different levels for an older or handicapped person is costly.

Variations of the Split-Level

There are three basic variations of the splitlevel design:
Side-by-side. Front-to-back. Back-to-front.

The choice of variation depends on the grade or slope of the lot.

(continued)

Variations of the Split-Level

Side-by-Side Design
For lots sloping to the right or left.

Front-to-Back Design
For lots high in front and low in back.

Back-to-Front Design
For lots low in front and high in back.

Traditional Split-Level Design

Split entry between levels. Raised basement on flat site.

Split-Level Design Variation

Side-by-side split-level house.

(continued)

Split-Level Design Variation

Front-to-back split-level house.

(continued)

Split-Level Design Variation

Back-to-front split-level house.

(continued)

Split-Level Design Variation

Traditional split-level design with split entry.

Traffic Circulation
A primary consideration in designing a functional plan is traffic circulation. Circulation should be planned for efficiency of movement.
Travel should be short and not pass through other rooms. Distance from garage to kitchen should be short and direct. Foyer should be centrally located. Bedrooms should be close to a bath.
(continued)

Traffic Circulation
This arrangement provides for good traffic circulation.

Glossary
Basement. The lowest level of the house that is mostly below the grade level. Intermediate Level. The next level up from the basement in a split-level design. Living Level. The next level up from the intermediate level in a splitlevel design. One-and-One-Half Story. A house design that is basically a one-story house with a steeper roof for expansion of the attic.
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Glossary
One-Story Ranch. A house design that has all regular living space on one level. Sleeping Level. The highest elevation in a split-level house design. Split-Level. A house design developed to solve the problem of a sloping site by shifting floor level areas to accommodate the site. Traffic Circulation. The movement of people from one area or room to another.

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Glossary
Two-Story. A house design that has living space on two full levels.

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