Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pre-era
of GSM Technology. Early Technological Ideas. Approach to GSM Networking. Criteria and Features. Cell Concept and Frequency Techniques. Network Architecture and Call procedures. Security features.
WalkieWalkie-talkie mode
AMPS Sets
In 1983, the analog cell-phone standard called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was approved by the FCC and first used in Chicago. AMPS uses a range of frequencies between 824 megahertz (MHz) and 894 MHz for analog cell phones. In order to encourage competition and keep prices low, the U. S. government required the presence of two carriers in every market, known as A and B carriers. One of the carriers was normally the local-exchange carrier (LEC), a fancy way of saying the local phone company.
Network Operators
Network Operators
No longer need to invest, in financial or resource terms, in conducting individual audits Scheme is conducted by highly qualified individuals at no cost to the operator The scheme sets a rigorous security standard demonstrating supplier commitment to the highest levels of security Offers peace of mind that suppliers have implemented appropriate security measures.
Concept of cells
The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones simultaneously. In a typical analog cell-phone system in the United States, the cell-phone carrier receives about 800 frequencies to use across the city. The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically sized at about 10 square miles(26 square Kms). Cells are normally thought of as hexagons on a big Hexagonal cells.
2 3 7
1 1 4 6
Because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. The two Black cells can reuse the same frequencies
Mobile Structure
Microprocessor
Call Process
Call Procedure
When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control channel. The control channel is a special frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to one another about things like call set-up and channel changing. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range and displays a "no service" message. When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed into the phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is communicating with is part of its home system. Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and the MTSO keeps track of your phone's location in a database -- this way, the MTSO knows which cell you are in when it wants to ring your phone. The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to see which cell you are in. The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to take the call. The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell it which frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch on those frequencies, the call is connected. You are talking by two-way radio to a friend! As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell's base station notes that your signal strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in the cell you are moving toward (which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) sees your phone's signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate with each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off switches your phone to the new cell. As you travel, the signal is passed from cell to cell.
how the transmitter power is reduced once the call has been set up and the conversation begins. Note also the 'gaps' during the silence in the conversation, where the transmitted signal returns to a 'holding' signal -- which looks superficially similar to the signal during ringing.
This represents a section of the voice transmission, the timescale of the whole plot being a little over 1 second
The pulses come at 4.62 millisecond intervals (approx. 217Hz frequency), each lasting 0.57 milliseconds. This gives a mark:space ratio of 1:7, allowing up to eight calls to be time-multiplexed (TDMA) onto the same carrier frequency. Every 26th timepulse is omitted, causing an 8.3Hz periodicity in the signal.
Handset transmit
GSM 900
935-960MHz
890-915MHz
2 watts
1805-1880MHz
1710-1785MHz
1 watt
Features
If you are using the phone, Call Waiting will alert you to a second caller. You need never miss an incoming call. Use Call Hold to put the person you are talking to on hold so you can call another party, and then switch between the two calls. Call forwarding Use Call forwarding to divert incoming calls to another number. Calling line identity (CLI) CLI displays the number (name if stored on your phone) of the incoming call. SMS (short messaging service) SMS (text messaging) allow you to send & receive text messages on your phone. Services available from many of the world's GSM networks today - in addition to simple user generated text message services - include news, sport, financial, language and location based services, as well as many early examples of mobile commerce such as stocks and share prices, mobile banking facilities and leisure booking services. (More information about SMS can be found in GSM Technology.) Data Services Using your GSM phone to receive and send data is the essential building block leading to widespread mobile Internet access and mobile data transfer. GSM currently has a data transfer rate of 9.6k. New developments that will push up data transfer rates for GSM users are HSCSD (high speed circuit switched data) and GPRS (general packet radio service) are now available. available.
Towers
Grounding Equipment
Multiple Providers
Weird Antennas