To determine the percentage of aluminum in a soft drink can.

The reaction of an active metal with acid will produce a salt and hydrogen gas.

The combination of an active metal with acid will produce a salt and hydrogen gas. 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

` ` `

The gas can be captured, and its quantity determined. Using the moles of hydrogen gas and stoichiometry, the mass of aluminum can be determined. Finally, using the calculated mass of aluminum and the mass of the aluminum can, the percent purity of the sample can be determined.

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Al x ! 3 H 2 moles H 2
Moles H2 can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

After using the leveling tank, the pressure in the gas buret is the same as in the room, but the pressure in the buret is due to two gases: hydrogen and water vapor. The vapor pressure due to water must be subtracted from the total pressure (Daltons Law) to give the pressure due to the hydrogen gas.

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

1. Need to determine the mass of aluminum can required to make about 40mL of hydrogen gas: V = 40 mL 0.040L P = 773.0 21.1 = 751.9 mm Hg 0.9893 atm T = 23oC 296K 2. Using the Ideal gas law, calculate the moles of hydrogen: PV = nRT 0.9893atm(0.040L) = n(0.08206L-atm mole-1K-1)(296 K) n = 0.001629 moles H2

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

3. Determine the moles of aluminum:

2 Al x ! 3 H 2 moles H 2

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

3. Determine the moles of aluminum:

2 Al x ! 3 H 2 moles H 2 2 Al x ! 3 H 2 0.001629 moles H 2 x ! 0.001086 moles Al

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

4. Determine the mass of aluminum:

g Al ! 0.01086 moles Al(26.98g/mol)

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

4. Determine the mass of aluminum:

g Al ! 0.01086 moles Al(26.98g / mol) ! 0.0293 g Al

1.

2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

Weigh out the calculated amount of aluminum can. Put the aluminum scraps into a 10 x 75 mm test tube. Measure 15 mL of 6 M HCl and place it in a 25 x 150 mm test tube. Carefully slide the 10 x 75 mm test tube (containing the aluminum) into the 25 x 150 mm test tube (containing the acid) Put the test tube into a test tube clamp attached to a ring stand. Put a rubber stopper containing a glass and rubber tube attachment on the 25 x 200 mm test tube. Fill a 50 mL gas buret completely with water. Invert the buret and insert the open end in the beaker. Be sure that no air enters the buret. Insert the free end of the rubber tube into the gas buret. Be sure there is space between the walls of the gas buret and the tubing.

1. Have your setup approved by your laboratory instructor. 2. Tilt the test tube until the acid in the larger test tube flows into the smaller test tube. 3. When no bubbles have entered the gas buret for two minutes, you are ready to remove the gas buret. 4. While the buret is still underwater, put your finger over the open end of the partially filled buret. 5. Remove the buret and put the open end (covered with your finger) into the leveling tank. Do not remove your finger from the buret until the open end is under the water level in the leveling tank. 6. Raise or lower the gas buret in the leveling tank until the water level in the tank is even with the water level inside the gas buret. The pressure of the gas in the gas buret is now equal to the barometric pressure and the volume of the gas buret can be read.

1.

The temperature of the gas

this is the same as the temperature of the liquid that the gas bubbled through.

2.

Pressure
by using a leveling tank, the pressure in the buret and the room are assumed to be the same. the pressure in the buret is the sum of the pressures of H2 and H2O, by knowing the temperature of the water the pressure of the H2O can be determined and subtracted.

3.

Volume
The volume can be correctly read when the pressures are equalized.

Ptotal = 773 mm Hg (from barometer) V = 23.5 mL 0.0235L R = 0.08206 L-atm mol-1K-1 T = 23oC 296K

 After using the leveling tank, the pressure in the gas buret is the same as in the room, but the pressure in the buret is due to two gases: hydrogen and water vapor. The vapor pressure due to water must be subtracted from the total pressure (Daltons Law) to give the pressure due to the hydrogen gas.

 After using the leveling tank, the pressure in the gas buret is the same as in the room, but the pressure in the buret is due to two gases: hydrogen and water vapor. The vapor pressure due to water must be subtracted from the total pressure (Daltons Law) to give the pressure due to the hydrogen gas. Phydrogen = Ptotal Pwater Phydrogen = 773mmHg 21.1 mmHg Phydrogen = 751.9mmHg

Phydrogen = 751.9 mmHg 0.9893 atm V = 23.5 mL 0.0235L R = 0.08206 L-atm mol-1K-1 T = 23oC 296K

Phydrogen = 751.9 mmHg 0.9893 atm V = 23.5 mL 0.0235L R = 0.08206 L-atm mol-1K-1 T = 23oC 296K PV = nRT (0.9893atm)(0.0235L) = n(0.08206 L-atm mol-1K-1)(296K) n = 0.000958 mol H2

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Al x ! 3 H 2 moles H 2 2 Al x ! 3 H 2 0.000958moles H 2 x ! 0.000639 moles Al

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

g Al ! 0.000639 moles Al ( 26.98 g / mol ) ! 0.0172 g Al

 calculated mass of Al Al% ! mass of sample 0.0172g ! 0.030g 100 ! 57%

100

All wastes from this experiment can be flushed down the sink with plenty of running water.

` `

6M HCl is corrosive. If you spill any on you, wash the affected area with water for 5 minutes. Neutralize any acid spills with baking soda. Hydrogen gas in this experiment is flammable. No open flames are permitted in the laboratory.