B.C.

RAJAGOPAL TEACHER-GEOGRAPHY CHENNAI

WORLD METOEROLOGICAL DAY

EXHIBITION @ HSV 23 MARCH 2011

AL

What is Meteorology? Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting

History of Meteorology
In 600 BC Thales the first Greek Meteorologist described water cycle made a seasonal crop forecast. In 400 BC Democritus predicted change in weather. In 350 BC Aristotle who wrote Meteorology is considered the founder of Meteorology. In 250 BC Archimedes study the positive buoyancy that is necessary for the formation of clouds. In 25 AD Pomponius Mela a Geographer for the Roman Empire, formalized the climatic zone system. In 80 AD, Wang Chang dispels the chinese myth that rains come from heaven. The Greek scientist THEOPHRASTUS compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the book of signs

In 1021 Mr.Ibn al Haytham Atmospheric refraction of light

Visual Atmospheric Phenomena

Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow Theodoric of Freiberg & Kamal al-Din al farisi 1st to give the explanation for the primary rainbow phenomenon. In 1441, King sejongs son Prince Munjong invented Rain Gauge. In 1607, Galileo galili constructed the Thermoscope. In 1643, Evangelista Toricelli invents the Mercury Barometer. In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented, mechanical, self emptying Rain Gauge. In 1960 the first Weather Satellite TIROS-1 was launched. >In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovers - atmospheric pressure decreases with weight >In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovers Oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion >In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of Steam Engine using caloric theory *In 1494 Christopher Columbus writes about Hurricane. *In 1686, Edmund Halley studied Trade Winds & Monsoons and identifies solar heating as the cause of Atmospheric motions. *In 1735 George Hadley explained Global Circulation with the study of Trade Winds *In 1743 Benjamin Franklin described that cyclones move in a contrary manner to the winds at their periphery #In 1654 the first weather observing network - by Ferdinando II de medici. #In 1832 Electro Magnetic Telegraph created by Baron Schilling. #In 1854 United Kingdom s Meteorological office was established and in 1860 its first weather forecast were published in Times Newspaper. # In 1875 India Meteorological Department was established. # In 1881 Finnish Meteorological office was established in Helsinki University

Instruments and Classification Scales

Atmospheric Composition Research

Research into Cyclone and airflow

Observation Network and Weather forecasting

Numerical Weather Predictions

*In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson - Weather Prediction by Numerical Process *In 1950s weather forecast with Barotropic models predict Rossby Waves *In 1960s Chaos Theory was mathematically described by Edward Lorenz.

TYPES OF METEOROLOGY
SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY

DEALS WITH
Day to day analysis and forecasting of weather

DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY

Describe the atmospheric process through mathematical equations Solar radiation, absorption and scattering in the earth-atmospheric system, cloud physics and rain process Crop yields and reduction of crop losses Design of aircraft, control of air pollution, architectural design, urban planning, exploitation of solar and wind energy, air conditioning and development of tourism

PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY

APPLIED METEOROLOGY

METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON Anticyclone, Arctic cyclone, Clouds Derecho, Diamond dust, Drought, Dust devil , Dust storm, Foehn wind, Hail, Halo, Hurricane, Ice pellets, Indian summer, Lake effect snow, Light pillar, Lightning, Mesocyclone, Morning glory cloud, Novaya Zemlya Effect, Rain, Rain and snow mixed, Rainbow, Sleet, Snow, Subtropical cyclone, Sun dog, Sun shower, Supercell, Temperature inversion, Thunder, Thundersnow, Tornado, Tropical storm,

WEATHER Weather is a day to day condition of a particular place CLIMATE The climate is the common weather conditions at a particular place over a longer period of time.

APPLICATIONS
WEATHER FORECASTING AVIATION METEOROLOGY AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY HYDROMETEOROLOGY NUCLEAR METEOROLOGY MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Air Pressure and Humidity Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the earth. It is measured by a barometer in units called millibars. Most barometers use mercury in a glass column, like a thermometer, to measure the change in air pressure. Relative Humidity Relative humidity is the amount of moisture the air can hold before it rains. The most it can hold is 100 percent. Humidity is measured by a Psychrometer, which indicates the amount of water in the air at any one temperature.

GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT Poland May 1686 to Sep 1736

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale

WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS USA Feb 1850 to Feb 1934

Cycle of Erosion

JOHN DALTON England Sep 1766 to July 1844

Law of Partial Pressure

Christophorus Henricus Diedericus Buys Ballot Netherlands Oct 1817 to Feb 1890

First chairman of the International Meteorological Organization

William Ferrel - USA 1817 to 1891

Theories on Mid-latitude Atmospheric Circulation

ALFRED WEGENER Germany Nov 1880 To Nov 1930

Wladimir Koppen - Russia Sep 1846 To June 1940

Koppen Climate Classification System

Anders Celsius - Sweden Nov 1701 To Apr 1744

Proposed the Celsius Temperature scale

Aristotle

Attempted to forecast weather with astrological events

Galileo Galilee - Italy Feb 1564 to Jan 1642

In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer

Evangelista Torricelli Italy Oct 1608 to Oct 1647

Invented Barometer

Sir Christopher Michael Wren England Oct 1632 to Feb 1723

Fabricated Weather-Clock for Observations

Clement Lindley Wragge England Sep 1852 Dec 1922

Started the trend of using people's names for Cyclones

Dmitry Lachinov Russia 1842 to 1902

Wrote the first book on Meteorology

Pavel Molchanov
Russia Feb 1893 to Oct 1941

Invented and launched Radiosonde

Alexander Mikhailevich Obukhov Russian May 1918 to Dec 1989

Founder of Modern Boundary Layer of Meteorology

Prem Chand Pandey India Born 10/08/1945 Known for Weather Satellite & Remote Sensing Satellite Research

Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty India Feb 1909 to Sep 2002 Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the World Meteorological Organization from 1963 to 1968

Jagdish Shukla
India Born 1944 Member of Joint Scientific Committee Of World Climate Research Programme Of World Meteorological Organization.

Shen Kuo
China 1031 to 1095 Hypothesized the Concept of Climate Change

Edmond Halley
England Nov 1656 to Jan 1742 Identified Solar Heating is the cause of Atmospheric motions. First one to put the Trade winds and Monsoon on charts

Francis Galton
England Feb 1822 to Jan 1911 Devised first Weather Map & Proposed a Theory of Anticyclone

Helmut Landsberg
USA - Feb 1906 to Dec 1985 Led the field of Climatology Using Statistical Methods.

Sydney Chapman
British 1888 to 1970

First Introduced Aeronomy - the science of the upper region of the atmosphere.

CHARLES FABRY

HENRI BUISSON

Both of them discovered the OZONE LAYER in 1913

Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) & Lon Teisserenc de Bort(French Meteorologist) Discoverers of STRATOSPHERE

PROFESSOR TIM PALMER

The President of the Royal Meteorological Society

JON MALAY
President - American Meteorological Society

ALEXANDER BERRITSKIY PRESIDENT - WMO

Mitsuhiko Hatori, Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency

MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION
PIETER VAN MUSSCHENBROEK

ATMOMETER

ALTIMETER Diagram showing the face of the "three-pointer" sensitive aircraft altimeter displaying an altitude of 10,180 feet.

HYGROMETER

is a device used for measuring the HUMIDITY of the air

ACTINOMETER
To measure the heating power of radiation
JOHN HERSCHEL ENGLAND
ACTINOMETER

1792 TO 1871

CEILOMETER
To determine the height of a cloud base using laser

HELIOMETER
Designed for measuring the variation of the sun s diameter at different seasons.

HYPSOMETER Instrument used to measure height or altitude

MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE

THE HAIL
The hail on Egypt. Hail is a solid form of Precipitation

The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959

GOES-8, a United States weather satellite launched on October 16, 1975, at Florida USA

TIROS - 1 First Successful Weather Satellite Date of Launch : 01/04/1960 at Florida, USA

RISAT 2 A Radar image Satellite With all Weather Capacity to take images of the earth.

FULMINOLOGY

The study or science of lightning is called Fulminology

BRONTOLOGY

The study or science of THUNDER is called Brontology

ACID RAIN Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). Acid Rain was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn.

Highest Rainfall @ Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1484m MSL 25.3 degree N & 91.7 degree East Holds two Guinness world records for 1).22,987 millimeters (905.0 in) of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 2).9,300 millimeters(370 in) in July 1861
Why? - Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian summer Monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which abruptly rise out of the plains to reach a height of about 1370 m above mean sea level within of 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channels the low-flying (150 300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extremely large amount of rainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain in northeast India.

Don t run, otherwise the rain may stop

RAIN GAUGE or UDOMETER or PLUVIOMETER or OMBROMETER to measure

RAINFALL

Ancient Greek period about 500 BC the first time the rainfall was recorded.

DISDROMETER
A disdrometer is an instrument used to measure the drop size distribution and velocity of falling hydrometeors. Some disdrometers can distinguish between rain, graupel, and hail.

DERECHO
Violent Windstorm associated with Thunderstorm in Minnesota

DIAMOND DUST
Ground level Clouds composed of Ice Crystals referred as Cleary Sky Precipitation Most common in Antarctica and Arctic

DUST DEVIL
Dust devil, a strong long-lived whirlwind in Arizona

FOEHN WIND
FOEHN is a dry down-slope , rain shadow wind at the lee of the mountain side

FORMATION OF FOEHN WIND

FOEHN CLOUDS IN GENEVA

NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECT

A polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight give the impression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should

Tornado is a violent, dangerous column of air mostly in the form of condensation funnel

TORNADO

SUN DOG A sun dog also called a mock sun or a phantom sun) is an atmospheric phenomenon that creates bright spots of light in the sky, often on a luminous ring or halo on either side of the sun.

Halo (optical phenomenon)

A halo is an optical phenomenon produced by ice crystals creating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky

A man with a halo around him

SUNLIGHT
The total frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun

An ANTICYCLONE is a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

POLAR CYCLONES

A polar cyclone is a low pressure weather system usually spanning 1,000 2,000 kilometers (620 1,240 miles) in which the air is circulating in a counter-clockwise fashion (in the northern hemisphere).

SLEET refers to two distinct forms of precipitation:

Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls. Ice pellets, one of three forms of precipitation in a US-style Wintry Mix", the other two being snow and freezing rain.

A LIGHT PILLAR
is a visual phenomenon created by the reflection of light from ice crystals with near horizontal parallel planar surfaces. The light can come from the sun (usually at or low to the horizon) in which case the phenomenon is called a sun pillar or solar pillar. It can also come from the moon or from terrestrial sources such as streetlights.

A MESOCYCLONE is a vortex of air,

approximately 2 to 10 miles in diameter (the mesoscale of meteorology), within a convective storm. That is, it is air that rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given hemisphere.

MESOCYCLONE

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ACYC BRM CLD DRZL E FAH GV HIXAT

ABBREVIATIONS ANTICYCLONE BAROMETER CLOUD DRIZZLE ENDING OF PRECIPITATION (IN MINUTE-METAR) FAHRENHEIT GROUND VISIBILITY HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED FOR ALL TIME