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What is Ultrasound?
Located in the Acoustical Spectrum May be used for diagnostic imaging, therapeutic tissue healing, or tissue destruction Thermal & Non-thermal effects NonWe use it for therapeutic effects Can deliver medicine to subcutaneous tissues (phonophoresis)
Ultrasound
Sinusoidal waveform
Therapeutic ultrasound waves range from 750,000 to 3,000,000 Hz (0.75 to 3 MHz)
Displays properties of
wavelength, frequency, Amplitude
Transducer
A device that converts one form of energy to another Piezoelectric crystal: a crystal that produces (+) and (-) electrical charges when it contracts or expands
Crystal of quartz, barium titanate, lead zirconate, or titanate housed within transducer
Reverse (indirect) piezoelectric effect: occurs when an alternating current is passed through a crystal resulting in contraction & expansion of the crystal
US is produced through the reverse piezoelectric effect Vibration of crystal results in high-frequency sound waves high-
Fresnal zone (near field) area of the ultrasound beam on the transducer used for therapeutic purposes
Types of Current
Direct Current: the uninterrupted unidirectional flow of electrons Alternating Current: the uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons
Ultrasound is produced by this type of current flowing through a piezoelectric crystal
Pulsed Current: the flow of electrons interrupted by discrete periods of noncurrent flow
Transverse waves cannot pass through fluids; found in the body only when ultrasound strikes bone
Frequency
Frequency: number of times an event occurs in 1 second; expressed in Hertz or pulses per second
Hertz: cycles per second Megahertz: 1,000,000 cycles per second
In the U.S., we mainly use ultrasound frequencies of 1, 2 and 3 MHz 1 = low frequency; 3 = high frequency
q frequency = o depth of penetration o frequency = sound waves are absorbed in more superficial tissues (3 MHz)
Velocity
The speed of sound wave is directly related to the density (o velocity = o density) (o Denser & more rigid materials have a higher velocity of transmission At 1 MHz, sound travels through soft tissue @ 1540 m/sec and 4000 m/sec through compact bone
Attenuation
Decrease in a wave s intensity resulting from absorption, reflection, & refraction
o as the frequency of US is o because of molecular friction the waves must overcome in order to pass through tissues
US penetrates through tissue high in water content & is absorbed in dense tissues high in protein o Absorption = o Frequency (3 MHz) , and o Penetration = q Absorption (1 MHz) , so o Penetration = q Frequency + q Absorption (1 MHz) Tissues o water content = low absorption rate (fat) Tissues o protein content = high absorption rate (peripheral nerve, bone)
Muscle is in between both
US passing through air = almost all reflected (99%) US through fat = 1% reflected Both reflected/refracted @ m. interface SoftSoft-tissue: bone interfaced = much reflected As US energy is reflected @ tissue interfaces with different impedances, intensity is increased creating a Standing Wave (hot spot)
Effective Radiating Area (ERA): area of the sound head that produces ultrasonic waves; expressed in square centimeters (cm2)
Represents the portion of the head s surface area that produces US waves Measured 5 mm from face of sound head; represents all areas producing more than 5% of max. power output Always lesser area than actual size of sound head Large diameter heads column beam Small diameter heads more divergent beam Low frequency (1 MHz) diverge more than 3 MHz
Spatial Peak Intensity (SPI): max. output (power) produced within an ultrasound beam Spatial Average Temporal Average Intensity (SATA) or Temporal (time) Average Intensity:
Power of US energy delivered to tissues over a given period of time Only meaningful for Pulsed US
BNR
SPI
Duty Cycle
Percentage of time that US is actually being emitted from the head Ratio between the US s pulse length & pulse interval when US is being delivered in the pulsed mode
Pulse length = amount of time from the initial nonzero charge to the return to a zero charge Pulse interval amount of time between ultrasonic pulses Duty cycle = pulse length/(pulse length + pulse interval) x 100 100% duty cycle indicates a constant US output Low output produces nonthermal effects (20%)
Slower strokes can be easier maintained If patient complains of pain or excessive heat, then decrease intensity but increase time Apply constant pressure not too much & not too little
Coupling Agents
Optimal agent distilled H20 (.2% reflection) Modern units have a shut down mechanism if sound head becomes too hot (Dynatron beeps; red lights on Chattanoogas)
Improperly coupled head causes o temp.
Types of agents:
Direct H20 immersion Bladder
Direct Coupling
Effectiveness is q if body part is hair, irregular shaped, or unclean Must maintain firm, constant pressure Various gels utilized
Water Immersion
Used for odd shaped parts Place head approx. 1 away from part Operator s hand should not be immersed No metal on part or operator s hand Ceramic tub is recommended If nondistilled H20 is used, intensity can be o .5 w/cm2 because of air & minerals Don t touch skin except to briefly sweep skin when bubbles form
Bladder
H20 filled balloon or plastic bag coated with coupling gel Use on irregular shape part Place gel on skin, then place the bladder on the part, and then place gel on bladder Make sure all air pockets are removed from bladder
Indications
Soft tissue healing & repair Joint contractures & scar tissue Muscle spasm Neuroma Trigger areas Warts Sympathetic nervous system disorders Postacute reduction of myositis ossificans Acute inflammatory conditions (pulsed) Has been shown to be ok to use following the stopping of bleeding with an acute injury (pulsed)
Contraindications
Acute conditions (continous output) Ischemic areas or impaired circulation areas Tendency to hemorrhage Around eyes, heart, skull, or genitals Over pelvic or lumbar areas in pregnant or menstruating females Cancerous tumors Spinal cord or large nerve plexus in high doses Anesthetic areas Stress fracture sites or over fracture site before healing is complete (continuous); epiphysis Acute infection
Thermal Effects
o blood flow o sensory & motor nerve conduction velocity o extensibility of structures (collagen); q joint stiffness o collagen deposition o macrophage activity Mild inflammatory response which may enhance adhesion of leukocytes to damaged endothelial cells q muscle spasm q pain + all Nonthermal effects
Nonthermal Effects
o cell membrane permeability o vascular permeability o blood flow o fibroblastic activity Altered rates of diffusion across cell membrane Secretion of chemotactics Stimulation of phagocytosis Production of granulation tissue Synthesis of protein q edema Diffusion of ions Tissue regeneration Formation of stronger CT
Pulsed Ultrasound
Stimulates phagocytosis (assists w/ q of chronic inflammation) & increases # of free radicals (o ionic conductance on cell membrane) Cavitation: formation of gas bubbles that expand & compress due to pressure changes in tissue fluids
Stable occurs when bubbles compress during the opress. peaks followed expansion of bubbles during qpress. troughs Unstable (transient) compression of bubbles during opress. Peaks, but is followed by total collapse during trough (BAD!)
Pulsed Ultrasound
Acoustical Streaming: stable cavitation leads this; oneone-directional flow of tissue fluids, & is most marked around cell membranes
Facilitates passage of calcium potassium & other ions, etc. in/out of cells Collagen synthesis, chemotactics secretion, o update of calcium in fibroblasts, o fibroblastic activity
Eddies (Eddy) circular current of fluid often moving against the main flow
Flows around the cell membranes & its organelles Flow of bubbles in stream cause change in cell membrane permeability
Clinical Applications
Soft Tissue
Pitting edema - o temp. makes thick edema liquefy thus promoting lymphatic drainage o fibroblasts = stimulation of collagen production = gives CT more strength Plantar Warts - 0.6 W/cm2 for 7-15 min. 7-
Clinical Applications
Chronic Inflammation - Pulsed US has been shown to be effective with q pain & o ROM
1.0 to 2.0 W/cm2 at 20% duty cycle
Area should be no larger than 2-3 times the surface 2area of the sound head ERA If the area is large, it can divided into smaller treatment zones When vigorous heating is desired, duration should be 10-12 min. for 1 MHz & 3-4 min. for 3 MHz 103Generally a 10-14 day treatment period 10-
Thermal Applications
Phonophoresis
US is used to deliver a medication via a safe, painless, noninvasive technique Opens pathways to drive molecules into the tissues Not likely to damage or burn skin as with iontophoresis Usually introduces an anti-inflammatory drug antiPreheating the area may enhance delivery of medication
Encourages vascular absorption & distribution of meds.
Phonophoresis
Factors affecting rate of medication diffusion
Hydration higher water content = skin more penetrable Age better with younger ages Composition better near hair follicles, sebaceous glands & sweat ducts Vasularity higher vascular areas are better Thickness thinner skin is better
Types of medications
Corticosteroids hydrocortisone, dexamethasone Salicylates Anesthetics - lidocaine