Oma000001 GSM Fundamentals Issue4.0

Internal
OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals

ISSUE 4.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
All rights reserved
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: > Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc. > Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used. > Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS > Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of multi-frame. > Know some radio techniques > Get the idea of EDGE
All rights reserved
Page 2
References
BSS Feature Description BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual
All rights reserved
Page 3
Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
All rights reserved
Page 4
GSM system overview

The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,
each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5
GSM Development
1989 1991 1992 1994 1996
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G) System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication Provide services for the whole world
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
All rights reserved
Page 6
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.

Macro Cell
> In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
> Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
All rights reserved
Page 7
Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium.

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
All rights reserved
Page 8
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency
Frequency
channels to accomplish communication.

The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving) every channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information.
Time
All rights reserved
Page 9
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the
Frequency
communication in different timeslot.

A carrier is divided into
Time
channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted on the same frequency in different time.
All rights reserved
Page 10
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
Frequency
communication in different code sequences.

Special coding is adopted
Time
before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same frequency and at the same time.
All rights reserved
Page 11
The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900
Uplink
Downlink
890
915
935
960MHz
Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
45MHz 200KHz
Page 12

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive
Base Station Transmit
1710
1785 1805
1880MHz
Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

95MHz 200KHz
Page 13

Frequency Spectrum GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 850 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900 Range (MHz) 450.4~457.6 460.4~467.6 478.8~486 488.8~496 824~849 869~894 880~915 925~960 876~915 921~960 1850~1910 1930~1990 Uplink Frequency Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) Frequency Point Available 259<=n<=293 306<=n<=340 128<=n<=251 0<=n<=124 975<=n<=1023 0<=n<=124 955<=n<=1023 512<=n<=810 Downlink Frequency Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
PCS 1900
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
All rights reserved
Page 14
Frequency Reuse

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited. The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places. The quality of communication must be ensured.
All rights reserved
Page 15
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse

7
2 3 2 1 6 5 4
All rights reserved
Page 16
Frequency Reuse
5 9 6 2 10
7 11 8 4 12
4 site X 3 cells reuse
All rights reserved
Page 17
Cell Types
Omni-directional Cell
Omni
1 1
120 Degree Cell
120 degree
3
All rights reserved
Page 19
GSM-GPRS Network Component

MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS MS BTS PCU BSC MS BTS
GPRS Backbone
GMSC
PSTN ISDN
BSC HLR/AUC
SS7 SMS system
SGSN GGSN OMC CG BG
Internet, Intranet
Other PLMN
All rights reserved
Page 20
Interface Between Different Entities

MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS MS BTS PCU BSC MS Um BTS
GPRS backbone
GMSC
PSTN ISDN
Abis
BSC
A HLR/AUC C/D/Gs
SS7 Gb Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Internet, Intranet SMS system
SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN
Gi
Other PLMN
All rights reserved
Page 21
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Subscriber Identity Module
All rights reserved
Page 22
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
SIM
All rights reserved
Page 23
Base Station Subsystem BSS

MSC
The Base Station Controller
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station
BSS
TC/SM BSC BTS
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and
Sub multiplexer (SM)
All rights reserved
Page 24
Packet Control Unit-----PCU

MSC
Packet data
switching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC

Provide Pb and
BSS
TC/SM BSC BTS PCU
GPRS Backbone
Gb interface
SGSN
All rights reserved
Page 25
The Network Switching System
NSS
OMC
AUC HLR EIR EC MSC/VLR PSTN
Mobile-service Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Echo Cancellor
MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC EC
BSS
Page 26
All rights reserved
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support Interface management Inter-network & Inter-working Billing
All rights reserved
Page 27
Home Location Register HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Authentication key and AuC functionality
All rights reserved
Page 28
Visitor Location Register VLR

Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.) Location Area Identity(LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Allocating the Roaming Number
All rights reserved
Page 29
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List Black List Grey List
IMEI is Checked In White List
If NOT found EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!!
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
All rights reserved
Page 30
OMC Functional Architecture

Event/Alarm Management Security Management
MMI OS
Fault Management Performance Management
DB
Configuration Management
All rights reserved
Page 31
All rights reserved
Page 32
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area... Location area...
PLMN service area

MSC service area... Location area...
......
cell
cell
All rights reserved
Page 33
LAI
MCC MNC
Location Area Identification
LAC
The LAI is the international code for a location area. MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001
All rights reserved
Page 35
BSIC
BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC
BSIC
BCC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
Page 36
All rights reserved
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant) Mobile number Mobile station international ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
All rights reserved
Page 37
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits 3 digits 2 digits
MCC
MNC
NMSI IMSI
MSIN
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies
them to the HLR.

TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.

The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.
All rights reserved
Page 39
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer. SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
All rights reserved
Page 40
All rights reserved
Page 41
Physical Channel and Logical Channel

The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms The logical channel consists of the information carried over the physical channels
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 0
1 2
Timeslot
The information carried in one time slot is called a burst
TDMA FRAME
TDMA FRAME
Page 42
Two types of Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH) : Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) : Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.
All rights reserved
Page 43
Traffic Channel (TCH)

TCH Traffic Channels
Speech
Data
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
TCH/4.8
Page 44
Control Channel (CCH)

CCH (Control Channels) DCCH SDCCH ACCH BCCH SACCH CCCH SCH RACH CBCH FCCH
BCH
Synch. CH.
FACCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH
PCH/AGCH
Page 45
All rights reserved
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the MS periodically when it is in idle mode BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel SCH: Synchronization Channel BCCH Synch. Channels BCH CCH
SCH
FCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH

The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the network. RACH: Random Access Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Granted Channel CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink CBCH downlink CCH
CCCH
PCH/AGCH downlink
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
ACCH
FACCH
SACCH
Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH
CCCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
DCCH
DCH
TCH
All rights reserved
Page 49
Downlink Logical channel

FCCH
CCH
BCCH
SCH BCCH
CCCH
PCH AGCH
SDCCH
DCH
DCCH
SACCH FACCH
TCH
TCH/F TCH/H
All rights reserved
Page 50
How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronous burst Extract system information
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message Send access burst Allocate signaling channel

Dedicated mode
Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation

Idle mode
Release the call
All rights reserved
Page 51
Packet logic channel

Packet data channel (PDCH)
TCH
> Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
> Combined into the single-directional service channel
Packet control channel
BCCH CCCH SACCH
> Broadcast control channel: PBCCH > Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH > Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
All rights reserved
Page 52
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
All rights reserved
Page 53
Combination of packet logic channel

Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes
> Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; > Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; > Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH
and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the
cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
All rights reserved
Page 54
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL CHANNELS
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
All rights reserved
Page 57
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.
5W 0.8W
Saves battery power Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH ------Does not attend Power control
All rights reserved
Page 58
DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving Interference reduction
All rights reserved
Page 59
Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
All rights reserved
Page 60
Multi-path Fading
Diversity Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity Whats Diversity?

Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low
enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.
All rights reserved
Page 62
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
f
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
All rights reserved
Page 63
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 Frame Time
All rights reserved
Page 64
All rights reserved
Page 65
GSM Development Evolution
3G 2.5G
384kbps 2Mbps IMT-2000
2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD
115 kbps GPRS
EDGE
All rights reserved
Page 66
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS

Kbps
60.0
54.4 59.2
50.0 40.0 30.0

21.4
GPRS EGPRS
29.6 22.4 17.6 14.8 8.8 11.2
44.8
20.0
13.4
15.6
10.0 0.0
9.0
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK
8PSK
Page 67
Huawei EDGE Test Result

Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
All rights reserved
Page 68
Summary
The basic idea of GSM The frequency spectrum used in GSM The structure of GSM Certain service area and numbers Some radio techniques used in GSM Evolution of GSM
All rights reserved
Page 69
Thank You
www.huawei.com

Oma000001 GSM Fundamentals Issue4.0

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Oma000001 GSM Fundamentals Issue4.0

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Internal

OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

GSM system overview

frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

1989 1991 1992 1994 1996

Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Multiple Access Technique

same communication medium.

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

channels to accomplish communication.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

communication in different timeslot.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

communication in different code sequences.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Frequency Spectrum

Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

The Frequency Spectrum

Base Station Receive

Base Station Transmit

Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

The Frequency Spectrum

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

4 site X 3 cells reuse

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

120 Degree Cell

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

GSM-GPRS Network Component

SS7 SMS system

SGSN GGSN OMC CG BG

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Interface Between Different Entities

SS7 Gb Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Internet, Intranet SMS system

SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

White List Black List Grey List