First Aid Skills

Welcome to First Aid Skills

Discovery Ranger Workbook Pages 195-209 Leaders Red Merit Reference Pages 169 - 199
Lesson Two Lesson Three Lesson Four Lesson Five

First Aid Skills

Lesson One

First Aid Skills

Lesson One Objectives Fundamentals of First Aid

1. Define the meaning of First Aid. 2. Explain how to use the 911 system. 3. Explain the first concern when giving first aid. 4. Explain when to move and when not to move an injured person. 5. List the four steps of victim assessment.
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Fundamentals of First Aid

1. What is the purpose of first aid:
DR Workbook Pg 199, Question 1

 First Aid is care given to an injured person to stabilize and keep him / her safe until he / she can receive professional medical attention.
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MWS 2: RAP ABCH Page 200

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Fundamentals of First Aid

Scenario: A man has been hit by a car and thrown into the street. He is wearing shorts, and blood is flowing, but not spurting, from his leg. What looks like a bone is sticking out of his leg. What are the two major concerns when giving first aid to this victim?

First Aid Skills

Fundamentals of First Aid Answer: First, safety of the rescuer from traffic and the safety of the of the victim. Second, unless the victim is in a lifethreatening situation, he should not be moved.
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Fundamentals of First Aid

2. List the Two Major Concerns When Giving First Aid: Pg. 199

a. The first rule of first aid and the primary concern is: Safety b. The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life-threatening situation, he or she should:

Not Be Moved
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MWS 2: RAP ABCH Page 200

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Giving First Aid RAP ABCH R is for Responsiveness

Is the victim conscious? Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright. Ask if they need help. If they say no, then proceed no further If yes, or no response, then proceed to A
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Giving First Aid RAP ABCH A is for Activate EMS or 911

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How to Use the 911 System

4. What are the four things you need to remember when making a 911 call? Pg. 199

 Your name  The emergency  The location of the emergency  Condition of the victim
Stay on the line with the operator until help arrives.
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How To Use the 911 System

When should EMS / 911 be called?
Page 195, Question 2b

 Check the victim for responsiveness. If they do not respond or if they tell you that they need help, then contact EMS.
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When To Move An Injured Person

MWS 2, page 200

P is for Position
Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location. And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them.
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Explain when an injured person should and should not be moved?

Requirement 4, Pg. 195

 If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not move the victim (except when the victim is in a life threatening situation).
Seek immediate medical attention. Follow the flowchart and care for the victim in any form that does not require moving the victim.
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Four Steps of Victim Assessment Use the mnemonic ABCH

MWS 2, Page 200

 A is for airway
-check to see if the airway is blocked.
Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any seen object. If this fails, then perform the Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts. We will learn these techniques in later lessons.
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Four Steps of Victim Assessment

 B is for breathing
Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned. If they are still not breathing they need rescue breathing, do not give unless you are trained, instead, find an adult.
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Four Steps of Victim Assessment

 C is for circulation
If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR. The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe. If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is.
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Four Steps of Victim Assessment

 H is for Hemorrhaging
If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care. If not, then begin a secondary assessment. Complete filling in MWS 2 RAP ABCH Flowchart
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Lesson One Review

First aid is a first-response activity, nothing more. Its sole goal is to maintain the injured person until they get professional help. First priority Safety for all! Blood from a cut or torn vein will flow, a cut artery will spurt. Fill out the True-False Questions on Page 199.
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Lesson One
True-False Questions MWS 1, Pg. 199 T F 5. Checking the victim, calling for help, and giving care are three steps in treating someone who has been seriously hurt or ill. T F 6. It is ok to move someone who is seriously hurt to make them feel better. T F 7. Knowing first aid could save a life, and applying first aid should be accompanied with prayer.

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Lesson One
True-False Questions MWS 1, Pg. 199 T F 8. The groove to the side of the neck (carotid artery) is a good place to check the pulse. T F 9. Calling for help may be the most important thing that you do to help the victim. T F 10. First aid is the temporary care that you give until professional help arrives. Complete requirements 1, 2, 3 and 4 if you have not done so already - (Page 195)
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Lesson Two

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Lesson Two Objectives

Choking, Shock and WeatherRelated Ailments
1. Review Victim Assessment from lesson 1 2. Explain and Demonstrate how to treat for shock. 3. Explain and Demonstrate the Heimlich maneuver and abdominal thrusts. 4. Explain the treatment for hot- and cold-weatherrelated injuries or ailments.
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RAP ABCH Review

DR Workbook MWS 3, Pg. 201

1. Safety is the primary concern. 2. R = Responsiveness (Is the victim conscious?) 3. A = Activate EMS or 911 4. P = Position (no spinal injury, position according to injury) 5. A = Airway (is it blocked? Check head position)
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RAP ABCH Review

DR Workbook MWS 3, Pg. 201

6. B = Breathing (is the victim breathing? Check!) 7. C = Circulation (Is there a pulse? Check!) 8. H = Hemorrhaging (Is the victim bleeding?) 9. Perform secondary survey. Examine the victim for other injuries and wait for medical attention to arrive.
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Heimlich Maneuver

 Used only when the victim is conscious and is unable to breath or cough.  Victim coughing, encourage to continue.  If the victim goes unconscious, use Abdominal Thrusts

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Heimlich Maneuver
DR Workbook Requirement 7a, Page 196

1. Stand behind victim. 2. Wrap arms around victims waist and not around the ribs. 3. Make a fist and place the thumb side of your fist just slightly above the navel. 4. Grab your fist with your other hand.
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Heimlich Maneuver
DR Workbook Requirement 7a, Page 196

. Press into the victims stomach with five quick upward thrusts. Each thrust should have a pause in between. 6. After every five thrusts, recheck the victim. Repeat until the object has been dislodged of until the victim loses consciousness.

Time To Practice!
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Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

1. Place victim on his or her back. 2. Straddle the victim by sitting on their thighs. 3. Place the heel of one hand just slightly above their navel. Your fingers should be angled slightly upward, pointed toward the victims head.
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Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

4. Grasp your hand by placing your other hand on top and lacing your fingers into the first hand. 5. Press inward and upward with five quick thrusts. Each thrust should have a pause in between.

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Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

6. After every five thrusts, recheck the victim. Repeat until the object has been dislodged or until you are relieved by another person or an EMT. 7. Perform finger sweep after each set of five thrusts.

Time To Practice!
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Preserve Body Heat Eight to Twelve Small Water

Head and Shoulders

Page 202
Left Fluids Conscious Burned
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Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Question 5a, Page 195 & Question 11, Page 201

 Preserve body heat by placing a blanket or cover over the victim. Provide insulation, or move the victim, if possible, to a warmer environment.
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Shock - Treatment

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Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 5b, Page 196

Allergic Reaction First Question: Is shock the result of an allergic reaction? If the shock is the result of an allergic reaction, then follow victim's instructions for treating allergy and monitor the "ABCHs" until medical attention arrives.
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Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 5b, Page 196  Spinal injury do not move the victim.  If result of a head injury or if victim has difficulty breathing, elevate head and shoulders by placing a pillow or blanket under head.  If the victim is unconscious or vomiting, then turn the victim on their left side so the stomach is on the left side of the body.

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Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Question 5b, Page 196  If no, elevate legs eight to twelve inches off the ground.  If less then two hours from medical care, then do not give fluids (except to those who are conscious and are severely burned).  If no, give small and periodic amounts of water (only if conscious).  Wait for medical attention to arrive.
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Weather Related Emergencies

Weather related emergencies include: Hyperthermia: Heat related, body unable to cool itself Heat Exhaustion: Skin cold & clammy, person alert Heatstroke: Skin hot, altered state of awareness Hypothermia: Cold related, body unable to warm itself Frostbite: Freezing of the extremities (fingers & toes) Frostnip: First stage of freezing outer layers of skin
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Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hyperthermia

Question 13. Pg. 201 The body is unable to COOL itself. List below on page 196, Requirement 6a.

 Move person into a cool place; remove any excess clothing; cool victim with either water, fanning, or cool packs under the armpits or groin; wait for medical attention, in the case of heatstroke.

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Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hypothermia

DR Workbook Question 14, pg. 201

The core body temperature drops below Ninety-five degrees.

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Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hypothermia

DR Workbook Question 6b, Pg. 196

 Move the victim out of the cold; handle the victim carefully; replace wet clothes with dry clothes.  You may need to be forceful verbally to get the individual to comply;  Insulate from the cold with layered clothing and/or an insulated sleeping bag.
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Lesson 2 Review Questions

True-False Questions MWS 3, Pg. 201 T F 15. Hyperthermia occurs when the body loses the ability to cool itself and overheats. T F 16. When you have frostbite, rub the hands together slowly to warm them up. T F 17. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses its ability to keep itself warm. T F 18. Shock may occur with any injury, illness, or trauma.

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Lesson 2 Review Questions

True-False Questions MWS 3, Pg. 201 T F 19. Itching eyes is a sign of hypothermia. T F 20. Clammy skin is a sign of heat exhaustion. 21. Describe the treatment needed for the following scenario: You have come to an accident scene, and the victim is sitting on the curb. He of she seems a little upset, is shivering, and there is some discoloration of the skin. How do you treat this person? Check RAP ABCH. Cover with blanket. Ask if it is an allergic reaction. Seek medical attention.
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Lesson Three

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Lesson Three Objectives

1. Explain and demonstrate first aid for a cut. 2. Explain how to treat a blister. 3. Explain and demonstrate first aid for a puncture wound. 4. Explain and demonstrate first aid for arterial bleeding of an arm or leg. 5. Explain and demonstrate how to stop bleeding.
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Blister Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 8b, page 196

 Remove the object or clothing that is causing the blister.  Wash with warm water and soap.  Use a sterile needle to pop the blister at its base and drain.  Place a donut-shaped piece of mole foam around it to keep it from further irritation. 47

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Blister Treatment
DR Workbook, Page 203 Bleeding and Wounds

1. Treating a Blister a. Remove footwear then wash the blister with warm water and soap. b. The best place to pop the blister is at the base. c. Do not tear off the roof of the blister.

d. The best way to prevent blisters is to wear properly fitted footwear.

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Puncture Wound Treatment

Dr Workbook, Requirement 8c, page 197

 Larger wounds - never remove barriers (may cause wound to bleed again).  Wash gently with outward strokes to move dirt and bacteria away from wound.  Use a stream of water to flush it out. Dry carefully, apply antibacterial ointment (for small wounds) and sterile bandage.
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Puncture Wound Treatment

DR Workbook, Page 203 Question 2

2. Treating punctures: a. If the object has already been removed, treat the wound based on the type of bleeding that has occurred. b. The object acts as a plug and should not be removed. c. The most important thing is to keep the object from moving.

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Minor Cut Treatment

DR Workbook, Requirement 8a, page 196

 Wash hands with soap and water.  Apply direct pressure to the cut until it stops bleeding.  Gently wash with soap and water and rinse it for a few minutes.  Pat dry and add a bandage with small dab of ointment on it.
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Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

 Check RAP ABCH first.  Try to stop the bleeding using direct pressure.  If the bleeding stops, treat for shock.  If not, then: Elevate that part of the body above the victim's heart and continue with direct pressure.
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Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

 If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not, then: Locate a pressure point and continue to apply direct pressure.  The pressure points are located in the upper arm and where the leg joins the hip.
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Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

 If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not, then: Seek immediate medical assistance.  Never use a tourniquet. This is no longer a recommended treatment.
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Preventing Infection
DR Workbook, Page 203 Question 3

3. How to prevent infection and treat bleeding. a. The best way to prevent infection is to wash the wound. b. Fill out the flow chart (next slide). c. Never use a tourniquet.

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Clean

Direct Pressure Victims Heart Pressure Point

Do Not

Page 204
Shock

Danger
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Lesson 3 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 5, Page 203 T F 4. A foot blister occurs because of the constant rubbing of clothing of equipment against the skin. T F 5. Most wounds can be card for by applying direct pressure, cleaning, applying medicine, and applying a bandage. T F 6. A tourniquet is a good and safe way to control bleeding at a camp-out. T F 7. Arterial bleeding is considered a simple wound.
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Lesson 3 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 5, Page 203 T F 8. A deep puncture wound is not serious and does not need to be treated by a doctor. T F 9. Applying ointment is not a method to control bleeding from a large wound.

Lets Practice
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Lesson Four

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Lesson Four Objectives

1. Explain and demonstrate how to respond to poisonings. 2. Explain and demonstrate first aid for insect bites. 3. Explain how to remove a splinter from a finger. 4. Explain how to treat poisonings.

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Poisons
Use MWS 8: Poisons and Bites Flowchart, Pg. 206

Poisons can enter the body one of four ways:

1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Injection 4. Absorption

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Page 195

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Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

 Absorbed, like Poison ivy,  Immediately wash the area with soap and water.  Then take a cool bath and apply calamine lotion.  If it spreads and painful, then seek medical attention.
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Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

 Poisonous injections: i.e. Snakebites,  Identify the snake, if possible.  Then clean the bite with soap and water and keep bite below heart level.  Seek medical attention.
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Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

 If the poison is inhaled or swallowed;  Check "ABCH" and treat for shock.  Seek medical attention and call the Poison Control Center  1-800-222-1222
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Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

 If possible, try to catch the spider or insect without risk to you.  Check to see if the stinger is in the skin.  If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce swelling.

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Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

 If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger out of the wound using a plastic card or fingernail, pulling away from the wound to minimize amount of toxin released into the body.  Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor cut.
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Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

 Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to the bite.  Look for signs of shock and swelling.  If no, then seek medical attention or an adult for assistance.  If yes, check ABCH, treat for shock, and immediately seek medical attention.
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Splinters and Ticks - Treatment

DR Workbook Question 9b, Pg. 197

 Use tweezers to carefully remove.  If splinter breaks, use sterilized tweezers.  Remove remainder of splinter, and treat wound as a minor cut.
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Splinters and Ticks - Treatment

DR Workbook MWS 7, Question 1, Pg. 205

1. Treating a splinter.
a. Remove as much of the splinter as possible. b. If the splinter breaks off, sterilize the tweezers. c. Do not cut into the skin.

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Splinters and Ticks - Treatment

DR Workbook MWS 7, Question 2, Pg. 205

2. Treating a tick.
a. Do not yank the tick out, but slowly pull it out. b. After removing the tick, clean the area and watch for infection. c. Contact medical attention if swelling, redness, or itching persists.
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Wash Calamine Identify

ABCH Clean

Page 195

Remove Shock

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Lesson 4 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 7, Page 205 T F 3. To remove a tick, just yank it off of your body. T F 4. Call the Poison Control Center if poison is swallowed or inhaled. T F 5. For a snakebite, slice the wound, suck out the venom, and spit it out. T F 6. To remove the oils that rub onto the body from poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac, you should change your clothes and wash thoroughly.
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Lesson 4 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 7, Page 205 T F 7. Tweezers are needed to remove a splinter. T F 8. A plastic card could be used to remove a stinger from an insect bite.

Lets Play the Progressive Skills Game

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Lesson Five

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Lesson Five Objectives

1. Demonstrate and explain first aid for simple burns. 2. Assemble a personal first aid kit. 3. Learn where a first aid kit should be stored.

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Degree of Burn
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

First Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

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Burns Degrees of Burns

DR Workbook MWS 9: Question 1, Pg. 207

1. First-degree burn a. Only the top layer of skin is burned. b. The skin is only mildly discolored. c. There is only a little swelling. d. These burns usually heal within a week.
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First-Degree Burn
Redness (Erythema)
First Degree Burn
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

Damage to the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing pain, redness, and swelling.

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Burns Degrees of Burns

DR Workbook MWS 9: Question 2, Pg. 207

1. Second-degree burn a. Several layers of skin are burned. b. The skin has a spotty or blotchy appearance.

c. There is greater swelling, and there are blisters. d. These burns take up to three weeks to heal and should be attended by a physician.
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Second-Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn Damage to both outer skin and underlying tissue layers (epidermis and dermis), causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.

Blisters (Bulla)

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Burns Degrees of Burns

DR Workbook MWS 9: Question 3, Pg. 207

1. Third-degree burn a. Many layers of skin are burned. b. There is severe discoloration. c. Some skin may be charred. d. These burns can be life threatening.
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Third-Degree Burn
Full thickness burn with tissue damage

Third Degree Burn Damage extends deeper into tissues (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) causing extensive tissue destruction. The skin may feel numb.

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Heat Burn Treatment

DR Workbook Question 10a, Pg. 197  Go through RAP ABCH first, then ask if burn was caused by heat.  Determine degree and amount of burn.  If it is a third-degree burn or large seconddegree burn, use the ABCH, then treat for shock.  Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because skin may come with it.
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Heat Burn Treatment

DR Workbook Question 10a, Pg. 197  Cut it off if attached to the skin.  Apply a sterile dressing and elevate.  Seek immediate medical attention.  Burn is first-degree or small second-degree, apply cold water/compress until pain stops.  If you must use ice, provide a barrier.  Do not apply an ointment.
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Chemical Burn Treatment

DR Workbook Question 10b, Pg. 198  Determine if burn was caused by a dry chemical.  If so, brush it off, remove clothing, wash area fifteen to twenty minutes.  If not caused by dry chemical, remove clothing and jewelry, wash area for fifteen to twenty minutes.  Seek medical attention in both cases.
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Electrical Burn Treatment

DR Workbook Question 10c, Pg. 198  If burn is not chemical, then its an electrical burn.  Is victim in contact with electrical source, are you at risk.  If yes, ask adult to turn off power.  May entail calling 911 to have then call appropriate person.  Treatment same as heat burn.
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Electrical Burn Treatment

DR Workbook Question 10c, Pg. 198  In all cases, monitor wound for signs of infection.  Large wounds seek medical attention to reduce risk of infection.  Serious burn, monitor for signs of shock.

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Safety Wash Before Wash

Shock

Pg. 209

Cold

Power

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First Aid Kit

DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

 Container To keep all first aid items in one common container.  Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection.  Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds.  Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection .
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First Aid Kit

DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

 Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection.  Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds.  Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts.
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First Aid Kit

DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

 Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching.  Soap -To clean minor wounds and cuts and to prevent infection.  Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer from infection and blood pathogens.
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First Aid Kit

DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

 Bandage Scissors -To cut gauze and bandages.  Tweezers -To pull splinters.  Moleskin -To protect blisters and prevent infection. Now transfer to page 198, Question 11a
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First Aid Kit

DR Workbook Question 11b, Pg. 198

Where should a first aid kit be placed?  It should be placed in a visible location near the center of the activities. Everyone should be aware of its location.

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Lesson 5 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 9, Page 208 T F 17. A first-degree burn should be cooled using ice, not water. T F 18. When helping a victim with a chemical burn, quickly rinse the burn for a few seconds. T F 19. You should remove clothing from a burn, even if it is sticking, so you can treat it more effectively. T F 20. When approaching a victim or electrical burns, you should make sure the power is off.
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Lesson 5 Review Questions

True or False, MWS 9, Page 208 T F 21. Duck tape is an important item in a first aid kit. T F 22. Large second-degree burns are just as dangerous as third-degree burns.

Lets Play Scenarios

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Summary

Make sure all work is completed in your Workbook. Have your commander sign off on each completed advancement. God Bless You and lets pray!
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