1

Statistics Statistics
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Descriptive Statistics -
Measures of Central Tendency
Statistics Statistics
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Descriptive Statistics -
Measures of Central Tendency
Chapters 3 & 4
2
TO CALCULATE THE ARITHMETIC MEAN,
THE WEIGHTED MEAN, THE MEDIAN,
THE MODE, AND THE GEOMETRIC MEAN.
TO EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS,
USE, ADVANTAGES, AND
DISADVANTAGES OF EACH MEASURE OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY.
TO IDENTIFY THE POSITION OF THE
ARITHMETIC MEAN,MEDIAN, AND MODE
FOR BOTH A SYMMETRICAL AND A
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION.
TO CALCULATE THE ARITHMETIC MEAN,
THE WEIGHTED MEAN, THE MEDIAN,
THE MODE, AND THE GEOMETRIC MEAN.
TO EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS,
USE, ADVANTAGES, AND
DISADVANTAGES OF EACH MEASURE OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY.
TO IDENTIFY THE POSITION OF THE
ARITHMETIC MEAN,MEDIAN, AND MODE
FOR BOTH A SYMMETRICAL AND A
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION.
TODAYS GOALS TODAYS GOALS
3
Definition: For ungrouped data, the population
mean is the sum of all the population values
divided by the total number of population
values. To compute the population mean, use
the following formula.
Definition: For ungrouped data, the population
mean is the sum of all the population values
divided by the total number of population
values. To compute the population mean, use
the following formula.
POPULATION MEAN POPULATION MEAN
mu
Sigma
Population
Size
Individual
value
=

X
N
4
Parameter: A measurable characteristic of a
population. For example, the population mean.
A racing team has a fleet of four cars. The
following are the miles covered by each car over
their lives: 23,000, 17,000, 9,000, and 13,000.
Find the average miles covered by each car.
Since this fleet is the population, the mean is
(23,000 + 17,000 + 9,000 + 13,000)/4 = 15,500.
Parameter: A measurable characteristic of a
population. For example, the population mean.
A racing team has a fleet of four cars. The
following are the miles covered by each car over
their lives: 23,000, 17,000, 9,000, and 13,000.
Find the average miles covered by each car.
Since this fleet is the population, the mean is
(23,000 + 17,000 + 9,000 + 13,000)/4 = 15,500.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
5
Definition: For ungrouped data, the sample
mean is the sum of all the sample values divided
by the number of sample values. To compute the
sample mean, use the following formula.
Definition: For ungrouped data, the sample
mean is the sum of all the sample values divided
by the number of sample values. To compute the
sample mean, use the following formula.
THE SAMPLE MEAN THE SAMPLE MEAN
X
X
n
=
L
X-bar
Sigma
Sample
Size
Individual
value
6
Population Mean
Sample Mean x
Population Mean
Sample Mean x
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE? WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
?
7
Statistic: A measurable characteristic of a
sample. For example, the sample mean.
A sample of five executives received the
following amounts of bonus last year: 14, 15, 17,
16, and 15 in $1,000. Find the average bonus for
these five executives.
Since these values represent a sample of size 5,
the sample mean is (14,000 + 15,000 + 17,000 +
16,000 + 15,000)/5 = $15,400.
Statistic: A measurable characteristic of a
sample. For example, the sample mean.
A sample of five executives received the
following amounts of bonus last year: 14, 15, 17,
16, and 15 in $1,000. Find the average bonus for
these five executives.
Since these values represent a sample of size 5,
the sample mean is (14,000 + 15,000 + 17,000 +
16,000 + 15,000)/5 = $15,400.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
8
Every set of interval-level and ratio-level data
has a mean.
All the values are included in computing the
mean.
A set of data has a unique mean.
The mean is affected by unusually large or small
data values.
The arithmetic mean is the only measure of
central tendency where the sum of the deviations
of each value from the mean is zero.
Every set of interval-level and ratio-level data
has a mean.
All the values are included in computing the
mean.
A set of data has a unique mean.
The mean is affected by unusually large or small
data values.
The arithmetic mean is the only measure of
central tendency where the sum of the deviations
of each value from the mean is zero.
PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC
MEAN
PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC
MEAN
9
Sum of Deviations Sum of Deviations
Consider the set of values: 3, 8, and 4. The mean
is 5. So (3 -5) + (8 - 5) + (4 - 5) = -2 + 3 - 1 = 0.
Symbolically we write:
The mean is also known as the expected value
or average.
Consider the set of values: 3, 8, and 4. The mean
is 5. So (3 -5) + (8 - 5) + (4 - 5) = -2 + 3 - 1 = 0.
Symbolically we write:
The mean is also known as the expected value
or average.
( ) X X =

0
10
Definition: The midpoint of the values after they
have been ordered from the smallest to the
largest, or the largest to the smallest. There are
as many values above the median as below it in
the data array.
Note: For an odd set of numbers, the median will
be the middle number in the ordered array.
Note: For an even set of numbers, the median
will be the arithmetic average of the two middle
numbers.
Definition: The midpoint of the values after they
have been ordered from the smallest to the
largest, or the largest to the smallest. There are
as many values above the median as below it in
the data array.
Note: For an odd set of numbers, the median will
be the middle number in the ordered array.
Note: For an even set of numbers, the median
will be the arithmetic average of the two middle
numbers.
THE MEDIAN THE MEDIAN
11
Compute the median:
The road life for a sample of five tires in miles is:
42,000 51,000 40,000 39,000 48,000
Arranging the data in ascending order gives:
39,000 40,000 42,000 48,000 51,000. Thus
the median is 42,000 miles.
Compute the median:
The road life for a sample of five tires in miles is:
42,000 51,000 40,000 39,000 48,000
Arranging the data in ascending order gives:
39,000 40,000 42,000 48,000 51,000. Thus
the median is 42,000 miles.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
12
Compute the median:
The following values are years of service for a
sample of six store managers: 16 12 8 15 7
23.
Arranging in order gives 7 8 12 15 16 23.
Thus the median is (12 + 15)/2 = 13.5 years.
Compute the median:
The following values are years of service for a
sample of six store managers: 16 12 8 15 7
23.
Arranging in order gives 7 8 12 15 16 23.
Thus the median is (12 + 15)/2 = 13.5 years.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
13
There is a unique median for each data set.
It is not affected by extremely large or small
values and is therefore a valuable measure of
central tendency when such values occur.
It can be computed for ratio-level, interval-level,
and ordinal-level data.
It can be computed for an open-ended frequency
distribution if the median does not lie in an
open-ended class.
There is a unique median for each data set.
It is not affected by extremely large or small
values and is therefore a valuable measure of
central tendency when such values occur.
It can be computed for ratio-level, interval-level,
and ordinal-level data.
It can be computed for an open-ended frequency
distribution if the median does not lie in an
open-ended class.
PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIAN PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIAN
14
Definition: The mode is that value of the
observation that appears most frequently
The exam scores for ten students are: 81 93 75
68 87 81 75 81 87. What is the modal exam
score?
Since the score of 81 occurs the most, then the
modal score is 81.
The next slide shows the histogram with six
classes for the water consumption from our
previous class. Observe that the modal class is
the blue box with a midpoint of 15.
Definition: The mode is that value of the
observation that appears most frequently
The exam scores for ten students are: 81 93 75
68 87 81 75 81 87. What is the modal exam
score?
Since the score of 81 occurs the most, then the
modal score is 81.
The next slide shows the histogram with six
classes for the water consumption from our
previous class. Observe that the modal class is
the blue box with a midpoint of 15.
THE MODE THE MODE
15
WATER CONSUMPTION IN 1,000 GALLONS
16
THE WEIGHTED MEAN THE WEIGHTED MEAN
Definition: The weighted mean of a set of
numbers X
1
, X
2
, ..., X
n
, with corresponding
weights w
1
, w
2
, ... , w
n
, is computed from the
following formula.
Why would anyone want to weight observations?
Definition: The weighted mean of a set of
numbers X
1
, X
2
, ..., X
n
, with corresponding
weights w
1
, w
2
, ... , w
n
, is computed from the
following formula.
Why would anyone want to weight observations?
X
w X w X w X
w w w
or X
w X
w
w
n n
n
w
=
+ + +
+ + +
=

1 1 2 2
1 2
...
...
( )

17
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
During a one hour period on a busy Friday
night, fifty soft drinks were sold at the Kruzin
Cafe. Compute the weighted mean of the price
of the soft drinks. (Price ($), Number sold):
(0.5, 5), (0.75, 15), (0.9, 15), and (1.10, 15).
The weighted mean is
[0.5v + 0.75v15 + 0.9v15 + 1.1v15]/[5 +15+15+ 15]
= $43.75/50 =
$0.875
During a one hour period on a busy Friday
night, fifty soft drinks were sold at the Kruzin
Cafe. Compute the weighted mean of the price
of the soft drinks. (Price ($), Number sold):
(0.5, 5), (0.75, 15), (0.9, 15), and (1.10, 15).
The weighted mean is
[0.5v + 0.75v15 + 0.9v15 + 1.1v15]/[5 +15+15+ 15]
= $43.75/50 =
$0.875
18
Definition: The geometric mean (GM) of a set of
n numbers is defined as the n
th
root of the
product of the n numbers. The formula for the
geometric mean is given by:
One main use of the geometric mean is to
average percents.
How do you compute the n
th
root of a number?
Definition: The geometric mean (GM) of a set of
n numbers is defined as the n
th
root of the
product of the n numbers. The formula for the
geometric mean is given by:
One main use of the geometric mean is to
average percents.
How do you compute the n
th
root of a number?
THE GEOMETRIC MEAN THE GEOMETRIC MEAN
GM X X X X
n
n
=

'

+
'

'

+
'

'

+
'

'
+
'
1 2 3
...
19
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
The profits earned by ABC Construction on
three projects were 6, 3, and 2 percent
respectively. Compute the geometric mean
profit and the arithmetic mean and compare.
The geometric mean is
The arithmetic mean profit =(6 + 3 + 2)/3 =
3.6667.
The geometric mean of 3.3019 gives a more
conservative profit figure than the arithmetic
mean of 3.6667. This is because the GM is not
heavily weighted by the profit of 6 percent.
The profits earned by ABC Construction on
three projects were 6, 3, and 2 percent
respectively. Compute the geometric mean
profit and the arithmetic mean and compare.
The geometric mean is
The arithmetic mean profit =(6 + 3 + 2)/3 =
3.6667.
The geometric mean of 3.3019 gives a more
conservative profit figure than the arithmetic
mean of 3.6667. This is because the GM is not
heavily weighted by the profit of 6 percent.
GM = = ( )( )( ) . . 6 3 2
3
33019
20
The other main use of the geometric mean to
determine the average percent increase in sales,
production or other business or economic series
from one time period to another.
The formula for the geometric mean as applied
to this type of problem is:
Where did this come from?
The other main use of the geometric mean to
determine the average percent increase in sales,
production or other business or economic series
from one time period to another.
The formula for the geometric mean as applied
to this type of problem is:
Where did this come from?
THE GEOMETRIC MEAN (continued) THE GEOMETRIC MEAN (continued)



GM
Value at end of period
Value at beginning of period
n = 1 1
21
The total enrollment at a large university
increased from 18,246 in 1985 to 22,840 in 1995.
Compute the geometric mean rate of increase
over the period.
Here n = 10, so n - 1 = 9 = (number of periods)
The geometric mean rate of increase is given by
That is, the geometric mean rate of increase is
2.53%.
The total enrollment at a large university
increased from 18,246 in 1985 to 22,840 in 1995.
Compute the geometric mean rate of increase
over the period.
Here n = 10, so n - 1 = 9 = (number of periods)
The geometric mean rate of increase is given by
That is, the geometric mean rate of increase is
2.53%.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
GM
22,840
18,246
= =
9
1 00253 . .
22
Do you prefer I use the arithmetic mean or the
geometric mean to compute class score
averages?
Do you prefer I use the arithmetic mean or the
geometric mean to compute class score
averages?
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
?
23
The mean of a sample of data organized in a
frequency distribution is computed by the
following formula:
The mean of a sample of data organized in a
frequency distribution is computed by the
following formula:
THE MEAN OF GROUPED DATA THE MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
X-bar
Sum of
frequencies
Class midpoint
X values -
Sample
size
X
Xf
f
Xf
n
=

=

f - class
frequency
24
A sample of twenty appliance stores in a large
metropolitan area revealed the following
number of VCRs sold last week. Compute the
mean number sold. The formula and
computation is shown below.
A sample of twenty appliance stores in a large
metropolitan area revealed the following
number of VCRs sold last week. Compute the
mean number sold. The formula and
computation is shown below.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
X
fX
f
fX
n
=

= 325/20
= 16.25 VCRs
25
EXAMPLE (continued) EXAMPLE (continued)
The table also gives the necessary computations. The table also gives the necessary computations.
26
SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Symmetric
Distribution
Mode = Median = Mean
Zero
Skewness
27
RIGHT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION RIGHT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
MODE
MEDIAN
MEAN
Positively skewed
Mean and median
are to the RIGHT of
the mode.
28
LEFT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION LEFT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
MODE
MEDIAN
MEAN
Negatively skewed
Mean and median
are to the LEFT of
the mode.
29
USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS
If two averages of a moderately skewed
frequency distribution are known, the third
can be approximated. The formulas are:
Mode = Mean - 3(Mean - Median)
Mean = [3(Median) - Mode]/2
Median = [2(Mean) + Mode]/3
30
READING ASSIGNMENT READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Chapter 4 and 5 of text. Read Chapter 4 and 5 of text.
James S. Hawkes
31
TO COMPARE (COMPUTE) VARIOUS MEASURES
OF DISPERSION FOR GROUPED AND
UNGROUPED DATA.
TO EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS, USES,
ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH
MEASURE OF DISPERSION.
TO EXPLAIN CHEBYSHEVS THEOREM AND THE
EMPIRICAL (NORMAL) RULE.
TO COMPUTE THE COEFFICIENTS OF
VARIATION AND SKEWNESS.
DEMONSTRATE COMPUTING STATISTICS WITH
EXCEL.
TO COMPARE (COMPUTE) VARIOUS MEASURES
OF DISPERSION FOR GROUPED AND
UNGROUPED DATA.
TO EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS, USES,
ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH
MEASURE OF DISPERSION.
TO EXPLAIN CHEBYSHEVS THEOREM AND THE
EMPIRICAL (NORMAL) RULE.
TO COMPUTE THE COEFFICIENTS OF
VARIATION AND SKEWNESS.
DEMONSTRATE COMPUTING STATISTICS WITH
EXCEL.
TODAYS GOALS TODAYS GOALS
32
Range: For ungrouped data, the range is the
difference between the highest and lowest values
in a set of data. To compute the range, use the
following formula.
EXAMPLE : A sample of five recent accounting
graduates revealed the following starting salaries
(in $1000): 17 26 18 20 19. The range is thus
$26,000 - $17,000 = $9,000.
Range: For ungrouped data, the range is the
difference between the highest and lowest values
in a set of data. To compute the range, use the
following formula.
EXAMPLE : A sample of five recent accounting
graduates revealed the following starting salaries
(in $1000): 17 26 18 20 19. The range is thus
$26,000 - $17,000 = $9,000.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION -
UNGROUPED DATA
MEASURES OF DISPERSION -
UNGROUPED DATA
RANGE = HIGHEST VALUE - LOWEST VALUE
33
Mean Deviation: The arithmetic mean of the
absolute values of the deviations from the
arithmetic mean. It is computed by the formula
below:
Mean Deviation: The arithmetic mean of the
absolute values of the deviations from the
arithmetic mean. It is computed by the formula
below:
MEAN DEVIATION MEAN DEVIATION
Individual
Value
Arithmetic
Mean
Sample
Size
MD
X X
n
=

34
The weights of a sample of crates ready for
shipment to France are(in kg) 103, 97, 101, 106,
and 103.
|103-102| +
|97-102| +
|101-102| +
|106 - 102| +
|103 - 102| = ?
The weights of a sample of crates ready for
shipment to France are(in kg) 103, 97, 101, 106,
and 103.
|103-102| +
|97-102| +
|101-102| +
|106 - 102| +
|103 - 102| = ?
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
1. X = 510/5 = 102 kg.
2. MD = 12/5 = 2.4 kg.
3. Typically, the
weights of the crates
are 2.4 kg from the
mean weight of 102 kg.
35
Population Variance: The population variance
for ungrouped data is the arithmetic mean of the
squared deviations from the population mean. It
is computed from the formula below:
Population Variance: The population variance
for ungrouped data is the arithmetic mean of the
squared deviations from the population mean. It
is computed from the formula below:
POPULATION VARIANCE POPULATION VARIANCE
Sigma
square
Population
size
Population mean
Individual
value
W

2
2
=

( ) X
N
36
The ages of all the patients in the isolation ward
of Yellowstone Hospital are 38, 26, 13, 41, and 22
years. What is the population variance? The
computations are given below.
The ages of all the patients in the isolation ward
of Yellowstone Hospital are 38, 26, 13, 41, and 22
years. What is the population variance? The
computations are given below.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
= LX)/N
= 140/5 = 28.
W
2
= L(X - )
2
/N
= 534/5
= 106.8.
37
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA FOR THE
POPULATION VARIANCE
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA FOR THE
POPULATION VARIANCE
Verify, using above formula, that the population
variance is 106.8 for the previous example.
Why would you use this formula?
W
2
2
2
=

'

+
'

X
N
X
N
38
Population Standard Deviation: The population
standard deviation (W) is the square root of the
population variance.
For the previous example, the population
standard deviation is W = 10.3344 (square root of
106.8).
Note: If you are given the population standard
deviation, just square that number to get the
population variance.
Population Standard Deviation: The population
standard deviation (W) is the square root of the
population variance.
For the previous example, the population
standard deviation is W = 10.3344 (square root of
106.8).
Note: If you are given the population standard
deviation, just square that number to get the
population variance.
THE POPULATION STANDARD
DEVIATION
THE POPULATION STANDARD
DEVIATION
39
Sample Variance: The formula for the sample
variance for ungrouped data is:
OR OR
Sample Variance: The formula for the sample
variance for ungrouped data is:
OR OR
SAMPLE VARIANCE SAMPLE VARIANCE
2
2
1
s
X X
n
=

( )
2
2
2
1
s
X
X
n
n
=

( )
Sample
variance
This sample variance is used to estimate the
population variance.
40
A sample of five hourly wages for blue-collar
jobs is: 17 26 18 20 19. Find the variance.
A sample of five hourly wages for blue-collar
jobs is: 17 26 18 20 19. Find the variance.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
= 100/5 = 20
s
2
= 50/(5 - 1)
= 12.5.
X
41
Sample Standard Deviation: The sample
standard deviation (s) is the square root of the
sample variance.
For the previous example, the sample standard
s = 3.5355 (square root of 12.5).
Note: If you are given the sample standard
deviation, just square that number to get the
sample variance.
Sample Standard Deviation: The sample
standard deviation (s) is the square root of the
sample variance.
For the previous example, the sample standard
s = 3.5355 (square root of 12.5).
Note: If you are given the sample standard
deviation, just square that number to get the
sample variance.
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
42
Chebyshevs theorem: For any set of
observations (sample or population), the
minimum proportion of the values that lie within
k standard deviations of the mean is at least
1 - 1/k
2
, where k is any constant greater than 1.
Empirical Rule: For any symmetrical, bell-
shaped distribution, approximately 68% of the
observations will lie within s 1W of the mean ();
approximately 98% within s 2W of the mean ();
and approximately 99.7% within s 3W of the
mean ().
Chebyshevs theorem: For any set of
observations (sample or population), the
minimum proportion of the values that lie within
k standard deviations of the mean is at least
1 - 1/k
2
, where k is any constant greater than 1.
Empirical Rule: For any symmetrical, bell-
shaped distribution, approximately 68% of the
observations will lie within s 1W of the mean ();
approximately 98% within s 2W of the mean ();
and approximately 99.7% within s 3W of the
mean ().
INTERPRETATION AND USES OF THE
STANDARD DEVIATION
INTERPRETATION AND USES OF THE
STANDARD DEVIATION
43
Between:
1. 68.26%
2. 95.44%
3. 99.97%
Between:
1. 68.26%
2. 95.44%
3. 99.97%
W W W +W +W +W
Bell-Shaped Curve showing the relationship between W and .
44
Interquartile range: Distance between the third
quartile Q
3
and the first quartile Q
1
.
First Quartile: It is the value corresponding to
the point below which 25% of the observations
lie in an ordered data set.
Third Quartile: It is the value corresponding to
the point below which 75% of the observations
lie in an ordered data set.
Interquartile range: Distance between the third
quartile Q
3
and the first quartile Q
1
.
First Quartile: It is the value corresponding to
the point below which 25% of the observations
lie in an ordered data set.
Third Quartile: It is the value corresponding to
the point below which 75% of the observations
lie in an ordered data set.
INTERQUARTILE RANGE INTERQUARTILE RANGE
Interquartile range
Third quartile First quartile
Q Q


=
=

3 1
45
Percentiles: Each data set has 99 percentiles,
thus dividing the set into 100 equal parts. Note: Note:
in order to determine percentiles, you must first
order the set.
Percentile Range: The 10-to-90 percentile range
is the distance between the 10th and 90th
percentiles.
Percentiles: Each data set has 99 percentiles,
thus dividing the set into 100 equal parts. Note: Note:
in order to determine percentiles, you must first
order the set.
Percentile Range: The 10-to-90 percentile range
is the distance between the 10th and 90th
percentiles.
PERCENTILE RANGE PERCENTILE RANGE
P
10
P
90
10-to-90 Percentile Range
Mi
n
Max
10% 10% 80%
46
RELATIVE DISPERSION RELATIVE DISPERSION
Coefficient of Variation: The ratio of the
standard deviation to the arithmetic mean,
expressed as a percentage.
For example, if the CV for the yield of two
different stocks are 10 and 25. The stock with
the larger CV has more variation relative to the
mean yield. That is, the yield for this stock is not
as stable as the other.
Coefficient of Variation: The ratio of the
standard deviation to the arithmetic mean,
expressed as a percentage.
For example, if the CV for the yield of two
different stocks are 10 and 25. The stock with
the larger CV has more variation relative to the
mean yield. That is, the yield for this stock is not
as stable as the other.
CV
s
X
= (100%)
47
SKEWNESS SKEWNESS
Skewness: Measurement of the lack of symmetry
of the distribution.
The coefficient of skewness is computed from the
following formula:
Note: There are other coefficients of skewness.
Skewness: Measurement of the lack of symmetry
of the distribution.
The coefficient of skewness is computed from the
following formula:
Note: There are other coefficients of skewness.
Sk = 3(Mean - Median)/(Standard deviation)
48
SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Symmetric
Distribution
Mode = Median = Mean
Zero
Skewness
49
RIGHT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION RIGHT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
MODE
MEDIAN
MEAN
Positively skewed
Mean and median
are to the RIGHT of
the mode.
50
LEFT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION LEFT SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
MODE
MEDIAN
MEAN
Negatively skewed
Mean and median
are to the LEFT of
the mode.
51
=AVERAGE(A1:A10) Arithmetic Mean
=MEDIAN(A1:A10) Median Value
=MODE(A1:A10) Modal Value
=GEOMEAN(A1:A10) Geometric Mean
=QUARTILE(A1:A10,Q) Quartile Q Value
=MAX(A1:A10)-MIN(A1:A10) Range
=PERCENTILE(A1:A10,P) Percentile P Value
EXCEL FUNCTIONS EXCEL FUNCTIONS EXCEL FUNCTIONS EXCEL FUNCTIONS
52
=AVEDEV(A1:A10) Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
=VAR(A1:A10) Sample Variance
=STDEV(A1:A10) Sample Standard Deviation
=VARP(A1:A10) Population Variance
=STDEVP(A1:A10) Population Standard Deviation
=STDEV(A1:A10)/AVERAGE(A1:A10) Coefficeint of
Variation
=SKEW(A1:A10) Coefficient of Skewness
(not same as book)
MORE EXCEL FUNCTIONS MORE EXCEL FUNCTIONS MORE EXCEL FUNCTIONS MORE EXCEL FUNCTIONS