Wireless Networks

Wireless Networks 23 Jan, 2012
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Wireless and Mobile Communications
Why Talk About Wireless?

Wireless communication is not a new technology but cell phones have brought revolution in wireless communication Wireless Technology has changed the way Organizations & individuals work & live today In less than 10 years
World has moved from fixed to wireless networks Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to each other, connect without a cable Only available option for field data acquisition
Interconnectivity with multiple devices

Using radio-waves, sometimes light Frees user from many constrains of traditional computer & phone system
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Future State of Computing Technology?

Mobile, many computers Small Processors Low Power Consumption Relatively Low Cost
Computers everywhere provides potential for data collection.sensors!

Temperature Light sound Motion Pressure Many others!!!
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Wireless Technology
Emerging mainstream wireless technologies provide powerful building blocks for next-generation applications WLAN (IEEE 802.11 WiFi ) hot-spots for broadband access, Bluetooth PDAs and laptops with integrated WLANs Broadband Wireless access technology- MAN (Alternative to DSL) IEEE 802.16 10-30 Km 40 Mbps WiMax Wide area wireless data also growing SMS, GPRS, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO (2.4 Mbps data optimized) Smart spaces, sensor networks web caching for information services Wireless sensor nets for monitoring and control VOIP for integrated voice services over wireless data networks
Networking of embedded devices
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IrDA: P2P wireless Network

Infra-red Data Association

Based on Half Duplex Point-to-Point concept Frequency below the red end of spectrum making it invisible Eliminate the need for cables Clear line-of-sight Short-range (few meters)

Simplest, most prevailing wireless standard No fixed speed 9.6 Kbps, 4Mbps Discovery Mode to find out data rate, size IrDA ports on PDA, Laptops USB sticks Remote Control in TV, VCR, Air-conditioner
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Bluetooth: Wireless PAN

Bluetooth (Named after Danish King Harold Bluetooth)

Based on Master-Slave concept Short-range (10 meters) Eliminate the need for cables Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band 720 Kbps
Interference due to multiple piconets and IEEE 802.15.1 home/person LAN To eliminate interference frequency hoping technique used Ominidirectional with both voice & data
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WiWi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)

Wireless Fidelity based LAN

Most popular on Laptops Replacement to wired LAN Connectivity on the move Short-range (100 meters) Ad Hoc and Base station mode Operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Collection of IEEE standards 802.11a/b/g 11 Mpbs & 54 Mbps Low range, requires more power hence not suitable for PDA s Difficult to control access & security Set up is expensive

Ad Hoc Net
Access Point Net

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WiWi-Max: Wireless MAN

Wireless Max
High Speed 40-70 Mbps Mid-range (30 Kmeters) Eliminate the need for cables Saving of wired cost Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band IEEE standard 802.16

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What is an Ad-hoc Network?

Collection of mobile wireless nodes forming a network without the aid of any infrastructure or centralized administration Nodes have limited transmission range Nodes act as a routers
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Ad-Hoc Networks
Rapidly deployable infrastructure
Wireless: cabling impractical Ad-Hoc: no advance planning
Backbone network: wireless IP routers
Disaster recovery Battlefield Smart office
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Ad-Hoc Network
Characteristics

Dynamic topologies Limited channel bandwidth Variable capacity links Energy-constrained operation Limited physical security Military battlefield networks Personal Area Networks (PAN) Disaster and rescue operation Peer to peer networks
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Applications

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Security Challenges in Ad Hoc Networks

Lack of Infrastructure or centralized control
Key management becomes difficult
Dynamic topology
Challenging to design sophisticated & secure routing protocols
Communication through Radio Waves

Difficult to prevent eavesdropping
Vulnerabilities of routing mechanism Vulnerabilities of nodes

Captured or Compromised
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What is a WSN?
Sensor: The device Observer: The end user/computer
Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the observer A network that is formed when a set of small sensor devices that are deployed for sensing a physical phenomenon. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base stations and a number of wireless sensors. Is simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered
wireless sensor networks

Networks of typically small, battery-powered, wireless devices.
On-board processing, Communication, and Sensing capabilities.
Storage
Sensors
Processor
P O W E R
Radio
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Wireless and Mobile Communications 1-14
Why Wireless Sensors Now?

Moore s Law is making sufficient CPU performance available with low power requirements in a small size. Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and Physical sensing tasks. Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming smaller, less expensive, and less power hungry (low power tiny Radio Chips). Power source improvements in batteries, as well as passive power sources such as solar or vibration energy, are expanding application options.
Typical Sensor Node Features

A sensor node has: Sensing Material
Physical Magnetic, Light, Sound Chemical CO, Chemical Weapons Biological Bacteria, Viruses, Proteins
Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)

A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry
Packaging for environmental safety Power Supply

Passive Solar Active Battery power
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Sensor Node Hardware

Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit + Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS
Transceiver
128Kb-1Mb Limited Storage 1Kbps- 1Mbps 3m-300m Lossy Transmission
Memory Embedded Processor

8 bit, 10 MHz Slow Computation
Requires Supervision Multiple sensors
Sensor Battery
Limited Lifetime
Portable and self-sustained (power, communication, intelligence). Capable of embedded complex data processing.
Sensors and Wireless Radio

Types of sensors: -Pressure, -Temperature -Light -Biological -Chemical -Strain, fatigue -Tilt Capable to survive harsh environments (heat, humidity, corrosion, pollution etc). No source of interference to systems being monitored and/or surrounding systems. Could be deployed in large numbers.
WSN APPLICATIONS
The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications. Wireless sensor networks are now used in many wide-range application areas.
Potential for new intelligent applications:
Smart Homes Process monitoring and control Security/Surveillance Environmental Monitoring Construction Medical/Healthcare
Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

Mobile Healthcare Technologies

Mobile Healthcare can be regarded as the integration of technologies of medical sensors, mobile computing, and wireless communications into a system of medical assistance.
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Healthcare Application Examples

Monitoring of patient s vital signs
Diabetes Asthma Hypertension ECG
Predictive usage in order to minimize the needs for medication Improving the quality of life
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Potential Benefits
Increasing the physician productivity and efficiency. Wireless sensors enable the patients freedom of movements and therefore promote new ways of monitoring the patient. Providing clinicians remote access to patient s information eliminates the need to manually locate and search through patient s data. Enabling telemonitoring in emergency scenarios and making remote diagnosis possible.
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Mobile Healthcare
The provision of Real Time patient care.
No matter where the clinician is No matter where the patient is To apply physiological and medical knowledge, advanced diagnostics, simulations, and effector systems integrated with information and telecommunications for the purposes of enhancing operational and medical decision-making, improving medical training, and delivering medical treatment across all barriers
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Typical Demo System

The patient is provided with a wearable wireless sensor. The signal from the sensor is captured in a Node situated in a mobile phone. The system allows ubiquitous access to patients data and medical information in real-time via the mobile phone. The medical data is stored & processed in a server, and can be used for establishing diagnostics and treatments.
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Application server
Application server centralises the received data and presents it to the user as:
Raw data Formatted as graphs
App Server
DB
Medical and Healthcare Appln

Remote Databases
Net Switch
Backbone Network
In Hospital Physician
Net Switch
Wireless Remote consultation Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication)
Healthcare appln
Investigate behavior of children/patient Features:
Speech recording / replaying Position detection Direction detection / estimation (compass) Weather data: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Light
Other Examples
MIT Lab The ring sensor
Monitors the physiological status of the wearer and transmits the information to the medical professional over the Internet
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor It can detect 400 species of gases and transmit a signal indicating the level to a central control station
The yellowstone project

Sensor network to monitor volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park Observe temperature variations spatially an temporally
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Application in Environment Monitoring

Measuring pollutant concentration Pass on information to monitoring station Predict current location of pollutant volume based on various parameters Take corrective action
ST
Pollutants monitored by sensors in the river
Sensors report to the base monitoring station
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Mission Statement
SEA-LABS strives to engineer a real-time, lowcost, low-power consumption environmental monitoring system for use in shallow-water reef habitats. Goal: to measure several important physical and chemical variables for use in laboratory experiments studying the growth and calcification of corals and coralline algae.
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Architecture
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Vehicular Traffic Control
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Traffic networks
Smart cars and smart roads Onboard systems talk to the road :
Map obstacles and delays Obtain maps Inform the road of its actions
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Sensors and Vehicles
US FCC allocated 5.850 to 5.925 GHz dedicated short range communication (DSRC) Road side to Vehicle Vehicle to vehicle communication
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Network characteristics of WSN

Generally, the network:
Consists of a large number of sensors (103 to 106) Spread over large geographical region (radius = 1 to 103 km) Is self-organizing Uses wireless media May use intermediate collators
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Organization into Ad-Hoc Net

Individual sensors are quite limited. Full potential is realized only by using a large number of sensors. Sensors are then organized into an ad hoc network. Need efficient protocols to route and manage data in this network.
Network Topologies
Star
Single Hop Network All nodes communicate directly with Gateway No router nodes Range 30-100m Consumes lowest power
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Network Topologies
Mesh
Multi-hopping network All nodes are routers Self-configuring network Node fails, network self-heals Re-routes data through shortest path Highly fault tolerant network Multi-hopping provides much longer range Higher power consumption nodes must always listen!
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Network Topologies
Star-Mesh Hybrid
Combines of star s low power and mesh s self-healing and longer range All endpoint sensor nodes can communicate with multiple routers Improves fault tolerance Increases network communication range High degree of flexibility and mobility
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How to get information from Data-centric Sensor Networks?

Types of Queries:

Historical Queries: Analysis of data collected over time One Time Queries: Snapshot view of the network Persistent Queries: Periodic monitoring at long and regular intervals Application specific Data aggregation capability desirable Need to minimize energy consumption
Routing required to respond to a Query:

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Technical challenges
Sensor design Self-organizing network
Random or planned deployment of sensors
Auto-addressing Auto-service discovery Sensor localization
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Power Consumption
Limited Power Source Battery Lifetime is limited Each sensor node plays a dual role of data originator and data router (data processor) The malfunctioning of a few nodes consumes lot of energy (rerouting of packets and significant topological changes)
Environmental Factors
Wireless sensors need to operate in conditions that are not encountered by typical computing devices:
Rain, snow, precipitate, etc. Wide temperature variations
May require separating sensor from electronics
High humidity Saline or other corrosive substances High wind speeds

Summary
Sensor networks will facilitate one to address several societal issues:
Early-warning systems Disaster mitigation
Applications in other sectors

Security, transportation, irrigation
Technology is available today

Research into new sensors Needs experimentation, pilot deployment Lots needs to be done in Software (OS, MAC, Application) While cost is an issue today, it will not be so tomorrow
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Thank you!
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Wireless Networks

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Wireless Networks 23 Jan, 2012

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Why Talk About Wireless?

Interconnectivity with multiple devices

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Future State of Computing Technology?

Computers everywhere provides potential for data collection.sensors!

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Networking of embedded devices

Wireless and Mobile Communications

IrDA: P2P wireless Network

Infra-red Data Association

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Bluetooth: Wireless PAN

Bluetooth (Named after Danish King Harold Bluetooth)

WiWi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)

Wireless Fidelity based LAN

Access Point Net

Wireless and Mobile Communications

WiWi-Max: Wireless MAN

Wireless and Mobile Communications

What is an Ad-hoc Network?

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Backbone network: wireless IP routers

Disaster recovery Battlefield Smart office

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Security Challenges in Ad Hoc Networks

Communication through Radio Waves

Vulnerabilities of routing mechanism Vulnerabilities of nodes

wireless sensor networks

Wireless and Mobile Communications 1-14

Why Wireless Sensors Now?

Typical Sensor Node Features

Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)

Packaging for environmental safety Power Supply

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Sensor Node Hardware

Memory Embedded Processor

Requires Supervision Multiple sensors

Sensors and Wireless Radio

Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

Mobile Healthcare Technologies

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Healthcare Application Examples

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Typical Demo System

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Medical and Healthcare Appln

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The yellowstone project

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Application in Environment Monitoring

Pollutants monitored by sensors in the river

Sensors report to the base monitoring station

Wireless and Mobile Communications 1-30

Wireless and Mobile Communications 1-32

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Vehicular Traffic Control

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Sensors and Vehicles