PCM Principles, Digital multiplexing Digital hierarchy, Principles of MUX and Higher order MUX

RTTC AM

MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing. There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques

i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300(300-3400 Hz) into prepreassigned frequency slots within the bandwidth of the transmission medium.

Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM)

Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM) FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An analogue transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying signals.

Time Division Multiplexing ( TDM )

Basically, time division multiplexing is sharing of a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all time slots are equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame interval.

( PCM ) PULSE CODE MODULATION SYSTEM

a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system to transmit the spoken word in digital form. PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same transmission medium viz open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or satellite system.

PCM
To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are required : 1 Filtering 2 Sampling 3 Quantisation 4 Encoding 5 Line Coding

1 FILTERING
Filters are used to limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400 Hz. 300-

2 SAMPLING
Sampling Theorem States "If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in the band, then the sample contains all the information of the original signal." Mathematically, if fH is the highest frequency in the signal to be sampled then the sampling frequency Fs needs to be greater than 2 fH. i.e. Fs>2fH

Let us say our voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let sampling frequency be 8 KHz. Time period of sampling Ts=1 sec/8000 or Ts = 125 micro seconds

In a 30 channel PCM system. TS i.e. 125 microseconds are divided into 32 parts. The 30 time slots are used for 30 speech signals, one time slot for signalling of all the 30 chls, and one time slot for synchronization between Tx & Rx. The time available per channel would be Ts/N = 125/32 = 3.9 microseconds Thus in a 30 channel PCM system, time slot is 3.9 microseconds and time period of sampling i.e..the interval between 2 consecutive samples of a channel is 125 microseconds. This duration i.e. 125 microseconds is called Time Frame.

Time Division Multiplexing

QUANTISATION
In FDM systems we convey the speech signals in their analogue electrical form. But in PCM, we convey the speech in discrete form. The sampler selects a number of points on the analogue speech signal (by sampling process) and measures their instant values. The output of the sampler is a PAM signal The finite number of amplitude intervals is called the "quantizing interval".

QUANTISATION
Thus, quantizing means to divide the analogue signal's total amplitude range into a number of quantizing intervals and assigning a level to each intervals. these levels are given a binary code. This is called encoding. In practical systemssystemsquantizing and encoding are a combined process.

: QUANTIZING

- SIGNAL WITH + Ve & - Ve VALUES

ENCODING
Conversion of quantised analogue levels to binary signal is called encoding. To represent 256 steps, 8 level code is required. The eight bit code is also called an eight bit "word". The 8 bit word appears in the form P ABC WXYZ Polarity bit 1 Segment Code Linear encoding for +Ve, 'O' for -Ve. in the segment The first bit gives the sign of the voltage to be coded. Next 3 bits gives the segment number. There are 8 segments for the positive voltages and 8 for negative voltages. Last 4 bits give the position in the segment. Each segment contains 16 positions.

Structure of Frame
A frame of 125 microseconds duration has 32 time slots. These slots are numbered Ts 0 to Ts 31. Information for providing synchronization between trans and receive ends is passed through a separate time slot. Usually the slot Ts 0 caries the synchronization signals. This slot is also called Frame alignment word (FAW). The signaling information is transmitted through time slot Ts 16. Ts 1 to Ts 15 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 1 to 15 respectively. Ts 17 to Ts 31 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 16 to 30 respectively.

Frame Numbers FO F1 F2 F3 etc B1 X X X X B2 0 1 0 1 B3 0 Y 0 Y B4 1 Y 1 Y B5 1 Y 1 Y B6 0 1 0 1 B7 1 1 1 1 B8 1 1 1 1

Remark

FAW ALARM FAW ALARM

In frames 1, 3, 5, etc, the bits B3, B4, B5 denote various types of alarms. For example, in B3 position, if Y = 1, it indicate Frame synchronisation alarm. If Y = 1 in B4, it indicates high error density alarm. When there is no alarm condition, bits B3 B4 B5 are set 0. An urgent alarm is indicated by transmitting "all ones". The code word for an urgent alarm would be of the form. X 111 1111

SIGNALLING IN PCM SYSTEMS

In a telephone network, the signalling information is used for proper routing of a call between two subscribers, for providing certain status information like dial tone, busy tone, ring back. NU tone, metering pulses, trunk offering signal etc. All these functions are called "signalling" in PCM systems. The signaling information can be transmitted in the form of DC pulses. The signalling pulses retain their amplitude for a much longer period than the pulses carrying speech information. It means that the signalling information is a slow varying signal in time compared to the speech signal. Therefore, a signalling channel can be digitized with less number of bits than a voice channel.

SIGNALLING IN PCM SYSTEMS

In a 30 chl PCM system, time slot Ts 16 in each frame is allocated for carrying signalling information. The time slot 16 of each frame carries the signalling data corresponding to two VF channels only. Therefore, to cater for 30 channels, we must transmit 15 frames, each having 125 microseconds duration. For carrying synchronization data for all frames, one additional frame is used. Thus a group of 16 frames (each of 125 microseconds) is formed to make a "multiframe". The duration of a multiframe is 2 milliseconds. The multiframe milliseconds. has 16 major time slots of 125 microseconds duration. Each of these (slots) frames has 32 time slots carrying, the encoded samples of all channels plus the signaling and synchronization data. Each sample has eight bits of duration 0.400 microseconds (3.9/8 = 0.488) each. The relationship between the bit duration frame and multiframe.

We have 32 time slots in a frame, each slot carries an 8 bit word. The total number of bits per frame = 32 x 8 = 256 The total number of frames per seconds is 8000 The total number of bits per second are 256 x 8000 = 2048 K/bits. Thus, a 30 chP PCM system has 2048 K bits.

DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIGITAL HIERARCHIES

the bit rate of the next lower level. In CCITT Rec. G.702, the term digital multiplex hierarchy is defined as follows : A series of digital multiplexes graded according to capability so that multiplexing at one level combines a defined number of digital signals, each having the digit rate prescribed for the next lower order, into a digital signal having a prescribed digit rate which is then available for further combination with other digital signals of the same rate in a digital multiplex of the next higher order .

DIGITAL HIERARCHY BASED ON THE 2048 KBIT/S PCM PRIMARY MULTIPLEX EQUIPMENT

Encoded TDM (European)

DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING HIERARCHY

Bit rate Mbit/sec. 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264

No. of channels 30 120 480 1920

Block interleaving : Bunch of information taken at a time from each tributary and fed to main multiplex output stream. The memory required will be very large. Bit interleaving : A bit of information taken at time from each tributary and fed to main multiplex output stream in cyclic order, a very small memory is required.

MULTIPLEXING OF SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL SIGNALS

Timing of all operations within a multiplexer is controlled by a highly stable oscillator called the Master Clock. Typically, the frequency reference used within the oscillator is a quartz crystal of tolerance in the range 10 to 50 ppm.

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