Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Switching Concepts
CCNA version 3
Summary
LAN congestion and its effect on network performance Advantages of LAN segmentation in a network Advantages and disadvantages of using bridges, switches, and routers for LAN segmentation Effects of switching, bridging, and routing on network throughput Fast Ethernet technology and its benefits
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Standard Ethernet using Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) and a shared medium can support data transmission rates of up to 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Goal of Standard Ethernet is to provide a best effort delivery service and allow all devices on the shared medium to transmit on an equal basis.
CCNA version 3
Performance of a shared media Ethernet/802.3 LAN can be negatively effected by several factors.
y The data frame broadcast delivery nature of Ethernet/802.3 LANs y CSMA/CD access methods allow only one station to transmit at a time. y Network congestion due to increased bandwidth demands from multimedia applications such as video and the Internet. y Normal latency (propagation delay) of frames as they travel across the LAN layer 1 media and pass through layer 1, 2 and 3 networking devices.
CCNA version 3
Half-Duplex Design
Transmit
Tx
Ethernet Controller
Collision Detection Loopback
Tx
Loopback Collision Detection
Ethernet Controller
Rx
Receive
Rx
Ethernet NIC
Ethernet NIC
Ethernet physical connector provides several circuits Most important are receive (RX), transmit (TX), and collision detection
CCNA version 3
To the network this appears as a single one way bridge. Both devices are contending for the right to use the single shared medium. The collision detection circuit on each node contends for the use of the network when the two nodes attempt to transmit at the same time. When a collision occurs, a host will first listen to see if the network is in use before trying to retransmit. It will resume transmitting based on the backoff algorithm.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Propagation Delay
Latency is also known as propagation delay. Propagation delay is the time a frame or packet of data takes to travel from the source station or node to its final destination on the network. The greater the number of devices the greater the latency or propagation delay adding hosts simply increases collisions, increases jam signals, and throughput will decrease
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
A 64 byte frame takes 51,200ns or 51.2 microseconds to transmit (64 bytes at 800ns equals 51,200ns, 51,200ns/1000 equals 51.2 microseconds).
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
A bridge is considered a store and forward device because it must examine the destination address (MAC) field in the frame and determine which interface to forward the frame. If there is no match in the table, the frame is flooded out all other interfaces Bridges "learn a networks" segmentation by building address tables that contain the (MAC) address of each network device and which segment to use to reach that device. Smaller collision domains are created, not broadcast domains.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Routers:
Segment broadcast domains Forward packets based on destination network layer addresses Segment collision domains
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Simultaneous transmission and reception of frames is called bidirectional traffic (both directions) and yields 20Mbps of throughput. The network interface cards (NICs) on both ends need to have full duplex capabilities.
CCNA version 3
Tx
Loopback Collision Detection
RX
Rx
Rx
Transmit circuit connects directly to receive circuit No collisions Significant performance improvement Eliminates contention on Ethernet point-to-point link Uses a single port for each full-duplex connection
CCNA version 3
Node must
Be directly attached to a dedicated switched port Have installed network interface card that supports full duplex
CCNA version 3
Standard Ethernet normally can only use 50-60% of the 10Mbps available bandwidth. This is due to collisions and latency. Full duplex Ethernet offers 100% of the bandwidth in both directions. This produces a potential 20Mbps throughput 10Mbps TX and 10Mbps RX.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
This virtual network circuit exists only when two nodes need to communicate. This is why it is called a virtual circuit it exists only when needed and is established within the switch. Allows multiple users to communicate in parallel via these virtual circuits.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Benefits of Switching
A LAN switch allows many users to communicate in parallel through the use of virtual circuits and dedicated network segments in a collision free environment. Cost effective.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Symmetric Switching
A symmetric switch is optimized through even distribution of network traffic across the entire network .
CCNA version 3
before forwarding
CCNA version 3
Asymmetric Switching
Asymmetric switching is optimized for client-server network traffic flows where multiple clients are simultaneously communicating with a server, requiring more bandwidth dedicated to the switch port that the server is connected to in order to prevent a bottleneck at that port.
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Memory Buffering
The area of memory where the switch stores the destination and transmission data is called the memory buffer. This memory buffer can make use of two methods for forwarding packets port based memory buffering or shared memory buffering.
CCNA version 3
Port based memory buffering packets are stored in queues that are linked to specific incoming ports.
Problem: One port may fill while another is empty.
Shared memory buffering deposits all packets into a common memory buffer that is shared by all the ports on the switch. (Better!)
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
Cut-through the switch reads the destination address before receiving the entire frame. The frame is then forwarded before the entire frame arrives. This mode decreases the latency of the transmission and has poor error detection.
CCNA version 3
Fragment-Free Switching
Switch reads the 1st 64 bytes of the incoming frame before forwarding it to the destination port
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
CCNA version 3
HUB
VLAN System
HUB
HUB
CCNA version 3
Benefits of Switching
Number of collisions reduced Simultaneous, multiple communications High-speed uplinks Improved network response Increased user productivity
CCNA version 3
Module 4
Switching Concepts
CCNA version 3