Stress

Management

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A Model of Stress
Individual
Differences
Environmental Factors

Organizational Factors Experience

Stress

Individual Factors

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Enviromental Factors

Economic Uncertainty

Political Uncertainty

Technological Uncertainty

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Orgnizational Factors

• Task Demands
• Role Demands
• Interpersonal Demands
• Organizational Structure
• Organizational Leadership

4
Individual Factors

Family Problems

Economic Problems

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Some people thrive on stressful situations,
while others are overwhelmed by them. What
is it that differentiates people in terms of their
ability to handle stress?
At least four variables — perception, job
experience, social support, and belief in
locus of control — have been found to be
relevant moderators.

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 Relevant Moderators

• Perception
• Job experience
• Social Support
• Belief in Locus of Control

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Perception
The stress potential in environmental,
organizational, and individual factors doesn't
lie in their objective condition. Rather, it lies in
an employee's interpretation of those factors.

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Job Experience
Experience is said to be a great teacher. It
can also be a great stress-reducer.

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Social Support
There is increasing evidence that social
support — that is, collegial relationships with
co-workers or supervisors — can buffer the
impact of stress.

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Belief in Locus of Control
Those with an internal locus of control believe
they control their own destiny. Those with an
external locus believe their lives are
controlled by outside forces. Evidence
indicates that internals perceive their jobs to
be less stressful than do externals.

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 Physiological Symptoms
• Headaches
• High blood presure
• Heart Disease

Psychological Symptoms
Experience • Anxiety
Stress • Depression
• Decrease in job satisfaction

Behavioral symptoms
• Productivity
• Absenteeism
• Turnover
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Stress Management
Strategies

Individual Approaches
Organizational Approaches

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Individual Approaches

Time Management
Physical Exercise
Relaxation Training
Social Support

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 Time Management

An understanding and utilization of

basic time management principles
can help individuals better cope
with job demands.

15
 Physical Exercise

Noncompetitive physical exercise

such as aerobics, race walking,
jogging, swimming, and riding a
bicycle have long been
recommended by physicians as a
way to deal with excessive stress
levels.

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Relaxation Training
Individuals can teach themselves to relax
through techniques such as meditation,
hypnosis, and biofeedback. The objective
is to reach a state of deep relaxation,
where one feels physically relaxed,
somewhat detached from the immediate
environment, and detached from body
sensations.
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Social Support
Having friends, family, or work
colleagues to talk to provides an outlet
when stress levels become excessive.
Expanding your social support network,
therefore, can be a means for tension
reduction.

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 Organizational
Approaches

Selection and Placement

Goal Setting
Job Redesign
Participative Decision Making
Organizational Communication
Wellness Program
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Selection & Placement

Individuals with little experience

or an external locus of control
tend to be more stress-prone.
Selection and placement decisions
should take these facts into
consideration.

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 Goal Setting

The use of goals can reduce stress as well

as provide motivation. Specific goals that
are perceived as attainable clarify
performance expectations. Additionally,
goal feedback reduces uncertainties as to
actual job performance. The result is less
employee frustration, role ambiguity,
and stress.
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 Job Redesign

Redesigning jobs to give employees

more responsibility, more meaningful
work, more autonomy, and increased
feedback can reduce stress, because
these factors give the employee greater
control over work activities and lessen
dependence on others.

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Participative Decision Making

By giving these employees a voice in

decisions that directly affect their job
performances, management can
increase employee control and reduce
this role stress.

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Organizational Commitment

Given the importance that perceptions

play in moderating the stress-response
relationship, management can also use
effective communications as a means to
shape employee perceptions.

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 Wellness Program

These programs focus on the

employee's total physical and mental
condition. For example, they typically
provide workshops to help people quit
smoking,lose weight, eat better, and
develop a regular exercise program.

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