ZigBee

 Agenda
Intro Market Applications Requirements Standardization Technical Specification Software stack Integration

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee
A very low cost, low power consumption two-way, wireless communications standard for automation, toys, & PC peripherals

For NEC Internal Use Only

MARKET

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Mission:
To bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Need for ZigBee

 Low Power consumption
6 months to 5 years battery life for most applications

 Low Cost
At least half the cost of Bluetooth solutions

 High density of nodes per network

250 nodes per network, multiple co-located networks

 Data rate requirements

Few bits to 250kbps sufficient

 Simple protocol, Global Implementation

2.4GHz

 Standard in a fragmented market

Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues Pent up demand due to lack of standard

For NEC Internal Use Only

Objective of ZigBee

 Interoperable consumer devices  Open industry specification  Peripheral, control and entertainment devicesLowest cost and lowest power consumption  Anywhere in and around the home

For NEC Internal Use Only

Traget Market:
 A multimedia PC with interactive gaming options or a 32" television equipped with Home Theatre features, Internet access (e.g. WebTV) or a video gaming console (e.g. Sega, Nintendo, Sony). These residents potentially have the need for advanced HID and toy solutions that could enhance their living or entertainment experiences.  Low cost solutions for interconnectivity between toys, such as, TomoguchisExisting homes with installed security, home automation or HVAC systems, and new homes with plans for these systems.  The Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) market may also find use for ZigBee products for controlling multimedia presentations, conference rooms, training rooms and automation or control functions.
For NEC Internal Use Only

Must have features:

 Saftey meets Government regulations:
As safe as coordless phone

 Unlicensed Band  Low Cost BOM  Reliability

Throughput degrades gracefully

 Ease of Use  Ability to add/remove new devices

Register once authenticate each time

 Global market  Minimum battery life 6months/2 years

For NEC Internal Use Only

Network Clusters will grow in the Home

Pre 2001 Model
TV VCR Audio System STB Camcorder... PC Printer Scanner... Phone Fax... Environmental Security Medical Domestic app

SATELLITE TERRESTRIAL MODEM CABLE OWN CONTENT

AV Net

PC Net

xDSL
PHONE

Tel Net

H.Auto Net

For NEC Internal Use Only

Network Clusters will Interconnect/inter-operate in Home and Away

2001 Model and beyond

TV VCR Audio System STB Camcorder...

SATELLITE TERRESTRIAL

Entertainment

CABLE

xDSL
PHONE BB Wireless

PC Printer Scanner... Phone Fax Environmental H.Auto Net Security Medical Domestic app For NEC Internal Use Only

GATEWAY

Productivity

BOM/Node Price Development

based on Dataquest, Instat and BMA Communications

$ 250 200 150 100 50 0 New technologies will lead to a sharp demand decrease in cost for the different applications Sharp demand decrease leads on the other hand to step increase in customer demand For 2000/1,

19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04

<300kps; BOM < $6.00 <22Mbps; BOM < $20-30 >22Mbps; BOM < $60-70
For 2003/4,

<100kbps <2Mbps >22Mbps

<300kbps <22Mbps

<300kps; BOM < $2.50 <22Mbps; BOM < $8-18 >22Mbps; BOM < $20-35

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Size Low Data Rate (No BT)

Low Data Rate Market

600 500 Million units 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Others Industrial Applications Home Environment

Years

Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Segmentation 2000 - 2004

Segment Market Share 2002

0% 48% 52% Home Industrial Others

Industrial Applications will drive initial market Home Environment will become Important Over time, there will be varied Applications (Other)

Segm ent Market Share 2005

18% 13% Home Industrial 69% Others

For NEC Internal Use Only

Wireless connectivity outlook:

For NEC Internal Use Only

Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook

Cellular technologies Range Meters GSM GPRS

10,000

Ricochet

1,000

WLAN technologies

HomeRF

100

OpenAir 802.11b 802.11g

ZigBee
Bluetooth PAN technologies

10 10 100 1,000 10,000

Bandwidth kbps

100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook

Range Meters GSM GPRS EDGE

10,000

Ricochet

1,000

OpenAir

HomeRF

802.11b

100
Hiper LAN/1 Bluetooth Bandwidth kbps

ZigBee

10 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook

Range Meters GSM GPRS EDGE 3G

10,000

Ricochet

1,000

HomeRF

802.11a

100

ZigBee

OpenAir

Hiper LAN/2 Bluetooth 2.0 Bluetooth

10 10 100 1,000 10,000

Bandwidth kbps

100,000

For NEC Internal Use Only

Industry Outlook
ZigBee Products on the market

RF-Lite (ZigBee) SIG created 802.11b standard ratified BT special interest group becomes public, and BT 1.0 initial specs released 1st BT devices on market, BT 1.1 standard rolled out

ZigBee ratified (802.15.4)

First 802.11a products on 802.11g the market standard ratified BT 2.0 standard rolled out

802.11a standard ratified 2002/03

HiperLAN 2 standard ratified in 2000 HiperLAN 1 ratified in 1996

HiperLAN 2 will premier HiperLAN 1 products on the market

1999

2000

2001
For NEC Internal Use Only

2002

2003

Target Applications 1
 Desktop PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home Theatre TV)
Computer peripherals; HID devices

 Video conference equipment

Remote control

 Video gaming equipment

Multi-player PC & video games Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor

 Remote controls for audio and video equipment  PC Enhanced & stand alone toys
In-room coverage Home+yard coverage

For NEC Internal Use Only

Target Applications 2
 Home appliances/general consumer electronic devices
Existing home security systems, electrical & heating systems Wireless door and opening monitoring, system control Wireless Keypads Smoke and flame detectors Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home; Blinds/Shades Pool/Spa equipment Garage door openers Voice Control

 New device categories that have not yet been developed, such as news tablets, and keyboards with built-in displays

For NEC Internal Use Only

Device Examples:
               HID devices Video gaming equipment; Multi-player PC & video games Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor Remote controls for audio and video equipment Glass breakage monitoring (sensors); Wireless Keypads; Child Monitor; Smoke and flame detectors; Fire Pull stations; Personal transponders; Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home; Fireplaces Pool/Spa equipment Garage door openers For NEC Internal Use Only

Target Market summary:

Monitors Sensors Automation Control TV VCR DVD CD Remote

Industrial & Commercial

Consumer Electronics

PC Peripherals
Mouse Keyboard Joystick Gamepad

Personal Healthcare
y y y Monitors Diagnostics Sensors

Low Data Rate Radio Devices

Toys & Games

y PETs y Gameboys y Educational

Home Automation

y y y y

Security HVAC Lighting Closures

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Requirements
 Global licence free ISM band operation  Unrestricted geographic use  RF penetration through walls & ceilings  Automatic/semi-automatic installation  Ability to add or remove devices  Possible voice support

For NEC Internal Use Only

Market Requirements, cont...

        10k-115.2kbps data throughput 10-75m coverage range (home/garden) Support for 32-255 nodes Support for 4 critical devices 4-100 co-located networks 0.5-2 year battery life Up to 5ms-1 permitted mobility Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2003!

For NEC Internal Use Only

Applications:
 Human Input Devices (HID)
Keyboard Mouse / Pointing Device Remote Controls (controls for audio & video equipment) Gaming Device

For NEC Internal Use Only

Applications:
 Home Automation and Control
Automation Devices Control Devices

 Home Security  Interactive Toys

For NEC Internal Use Only

Success Factors
          Low cost Data type support Ease of installation Reliable data transfer Short range operation Reasonable battery life Unlicensed band Unrestricted geographical use Global implementation Governmental regulations

For NEC Internal Use Only

STANDARDIZATION

For NEC Internal Use Only

History
 Low-rate solution for HomeRF, January 1998  Initial MRD, October 1998  Initial RSI/TRD, October 1999  Proposals submitted, July 2000  Initial specification, v0.2, September 2000  Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4, March 2001  Proposal accepted by IEEE, July 2001
For NEC Internal Use Only

HomeRF-Lite -> Firefly -> RF-Lite > ZigBee

Description
Low data rate (<250kbps), very low cost (BOM<$6.00) consumer market Replaces wired solutions that require low data rates Replaces IrDA links with a low cost wireless network Simple MAC protocol: master-slave or virtual point-to-point applications, reduces system compexity Applications: peripherals to PC, temperature control, home security, toys, etc.

For NEC Internal Use Only

Some Participants (22 Companies in total)

For NEC Internal Use Only

Technical:

For NEC Internal Use Only

Protocol Features
 Master/slave topology  Automatic network configuration  Dynamic slave device addressing  Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)  Full handshaking for packet transfers  Power management features  Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes
For NEC Internal Use Only

Protocol Features Cont...

 CSMA-CA channel access mechanism  28kbps (Optional) & 200kbps (actual) data throughput  Service discovery  Low impact internet capability

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Protocol Stack

Application Application Interface Network Layer Data Link Layer MAC Layer MAC Layer PHY Layer
Silicon ZigBee Stack Application

ZigBee Alliance

IEEE

For NEC Internal Use Only

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

User Interface
Group Call Cordless Intercom Headset vMessage Dial-up Networking vCard vNote vCal

Fax

Voice

Telephony Control Protocol

OBEX RFCOMM
(Serial Port)

Service Discovery Protocol

HOST

L2CAP Host Control Interface

Link Manager Link Controller Baseband RF

Silicon Bluetooth Stack Applications

MODULE

For NEC Internal Use Only

Direct Sequence
 Spread spectrum regulations allow higher transmit power
Longer range Transmit power: -4 - +20dBm

 Direct sequence
Faster acquisition than frequency hopping Complexity in digital domain (cheaper)

 Spread using length 11 bit Barker sequence

Optimal autocorrelation properties Short sequence gives fast acquisition Used in IEEE802.11

For NEC Internal Use Only

Raw Bit Rates

 250kbps  28kbps low bit rate option :

Trade data rate for extra range via coding Over air bit rate remains 200kbps Longer preamble and SOP reliable synchronisation at low SNR

For NEC Internal Use Only

Range Estimation

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm 250kbps 28kbps 13 23 29 54

Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
For NEC Internal Use Only

66 134

Network Topology

Network coordinator Network node IEEE node

Communications flow Virtual links

For NEC Internal Use Only

Other Network Forms

Network coordinator Ad-hoc network Network node Gateway

Communications flow Gateway enabled network

For NEC Internal Use Only

Supported Traffic Types

 Periodic data
Application defined rate

 Intermittent
Basic communication

 Repetitive low latency data

Allocation of guaranteed time slots

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Network Coordinator

 Transmits network beacons  Sets up a network  Manages network nodes  Stores network node information  Routes messages between paired nodes  Receives constantly

For NEC Internal Use Only

The Network Node

 Is generally battery powered  Searches for available networks  Transfers data from its application as necessary  Determines whether data is pending  Requests data from the network coordinator  Can sleep for extended periods
For NEC Internal Use Only

Stack System Requirements

 8-bit QC, e.g. 80c51  Full protocol stack <32k  Simple node only stack ~4k  Coordinators require extra RAM
node device database transaction table pairing table

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Chip Set Solution

Low Data Rate, DSSS @ 2,4GHz

PA

Single Chip DSSS Radio + Modem

Receive Data

Micro + MAC+ RAM/ROM

Transmit Data

Baseband Radio

For NEC Internal Use Only

Feature Set RF Front-End IC

 Single chip direct conversion transceiver for ZigBee applications in the 2.4GHz ISM band  DSSS 2.2Mchips/sec  Integrated antenna filter, LNA, VCO, synthesizer, PLL, preamplifier  3-wire control bus interface  Direct conversion architecture from 2.45 GHz RF directly base band  Battery powered design (min. VCC=1.8V)  Output power 4 to +20dBm (0dBm typical)  Digitally controlled RX gain control for DSSS  No off-chip components (LNA, Pre PA, VCO, Synthesizer)

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee Base Band & MAC

 Single chip Modem and MAC  80C51 (or equivalent) 8-bit low power micro controller core  Interfaces:
Full duplex UART for communication with host processor or other devices 2 3 wire buses for host and RF Front-end communication Master/slave I2C 2 analog inputs

 Minimum external components for low BOM  CMOS 0.18 or other low cost similar capablity process

For NEC Internal Use Only

Low Data Rate Roadmap

One Chip Radio+BB
Low Cost

Single Chip Solutions

One Chip Radio+BB Slave Device

One Chip Radio+ BB RF CMOS

Two Chip Solutions

Single Chip DSSS Radio + Modem BB Slave Device
Cost reduced

Microprocessor+ Housekeeping+MAC

Base Band Slave Device

2002

2003

For NEC Internal Use Only

2004

2005

Protocol Features
       Master/slave topology Automatic network configuration Dynamic slave device addressing Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing) Full handshaking for packet transfers Power management features Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes

For NEC Internal Use Only

Protocol Features Cont...

      CSMA-CA channel access mechanism 15ms frame structure TDMA slots can be allocated 28kbps & 250kbps data throughput Service discovery Low impact internet capability

For NEC Internal Use Only

Frequency Bands
2400.0
2446.5 2475.0

2483.5

 2.4GHz ISM band

Channel spacing: 4MHz F = 2404 + 4k MHz with k = 0, 1, , 25 Common band: USA, Europe including France and Spain 2446.5 2475.0 MHZ k = 15, , 22; equals 8 channels

USA

Europe

Spain*

France*

Japan*

 915MHz ISM band USA only  868MHz Europe

Common * Harmonization with FCC in progress

For NEC Internal Use Only

Raw Bit Rates

 250kbps  28kbps low bit rate option:

Trade data rate for extra range via coding Over air bit rate remains 250kbps Longer preamble and SOP reliable synchronisation at low SNR

For NEC Internal Use Only

Range Estimation (meters)

0dBm 250kbps 28kbps 13 23

10dBm 29 54

20dBm 66 134

Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
For NEC Internal Use Only

Summary
Solution that effectively addresses the needs of the target market place with:  Low data rate (<250Kbps)  Low cost (~ BT/2)  Very low power (6 months - 2 years on 2 AA batteries.)  Network Solution

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee vs. Bluetooth

For NEC Internal Use Only

Bluetooth Network Topology

Pico-net 1 master: 7 active slaves 200+ parked slaves Each network has a unique hopping pattern / ID

A P M P P M

A P A

P A

Radio Design
All radios are symmetric (can be master or slave)

Scatternet Multiple pico-nets co-located Device can be on multiple pico-nets (Performance tradeoff)

For NEC Internal Use Only

Networking

ZigBee:
Large master-slave networks, with fast access Slave - initiated communication, (minimises slave energy requirements) Virtual peer-peer device pairing links

Bluetooth:
Dynamic ad-hoc transient Pico-nets Dynamic master role negotiation Extensive profiles to ensure compatibility Active / Park modes
For NEC Internal Use Only

Typical Applications

ZigBee:
Static networks between low cost devices Sensors Automation and control Data exchange

Bluetooth:
Ad-hoc networks between capable devices Handsfree audio Screen graphics, pictures File transfer
For NEC Internal Use Only

Air Interface
ZigBee - Control Applications Bluetooth - Audio

ZigBee:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 250kb/s Optimised for short packets CSMA channel access TDMA slots can be allocated for critical devices

Bluetooth:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(1600 hop/s) 720kb/s (for voice, audio and bulk data) Poll - reply channel access Very low latency frame structure (<1ms)
For NEC Internal Use Only

Power Considerations

ZigBee:
2+ years from normal batteries Designed to optimise slave power requirements

Bluetooth:
Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging) Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality
For NEC Internal Use Only

Timing Considerations

ZigBee:
New slave enumeration = 30ms typically Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically

Bluetooth:
New slave enumeration = >3s Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
For NEC Internal Use Only

Error / Security Considerations

ZigBee:
Error detection / re-transmissions Fully handshaked protocol Application level security

Bluetooth:
Forward error correction 0, 40 & 64-bit encryption

For NEC Internal Use Only

Cost Standpoint

ZigBee:
Minimum slave cost Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host platform System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-application realisation

Bluetooth:
Low added cost connectivity Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7) 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f. specifications

For NEC Internal Use Only

Solution Prices

Two different solutions optimised for different applications...

ZigBee:
Price 2002 - $6 Price 2003 - $1.5-2.5

Bluetooth:
Price Now - $25 Price 2003 - $5
For NEC Internal Use Only