Psych 1

is the process of growing to maturity. In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being.

Sperm fertilizes an egg cell. Development begins with fertilization, the process by which the male gamete, the sperm cell, and the female gamete, the egg, fuse to produce a zygote. In pregnancy the 3 stages are commonly referred as Z.E.F.[by whom?] meaning Zygote, Embryo, Fetus.

In medicine, the beginning of pregnancy is the instant a sperm cell enters an ovum and forms a viable zygote. in western medicine, pregnancy is defined as beginning when a zygote becomes implanted in a woman's uterus. This occurs when the zygote then becomes embedded into the endometrium (lining of the uterus) where it forms a placenta, for the purpose of receiving essential nutrients through the uterus wall.

The umbilical cord in an unborn child helps get the nutrients to the child and helps get rid of the waste from the child. Before the placenta is developed the blastocyst receives its nutrients from the yolk sac, which is contained within the blastocyst.

The zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of an embryo. Childbirth is the process in which the baby is born. Age is defined relative to this event in most cultures.

There are no universal definitions for terms of age-related physical development stages, but following are some approximate age ranges:

Prenatal - fertilization to birth Embryo - fertilization to 8 weeks of gestational phase Zygote - the point of conception, fertilization

Blastocyst the period between conception and embryonic stages Embryo - the embryonic period starts at three weeks and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy

Fetus - 8 weeks of gestational phase until birth

Adult hands holding the foot of a baby(Childbirth) Neonate (newborn) (0 30 days Infant (baby) (1 month - 12 months Toddler (1 3 years) Play age (45 years) Primary school age (also called prepubescence) (4-12 years)

Adult hands holding the foot of a baby(Childbirth)

Elementary school age (also called middle childhood) (4-9years) Preadolescence (preteen, or late childhood. The child in this and the previous phase are called schoolchild (schoolboy or schoolgirl), when still of primary school age.) (10 12 years)

Puberty (13 19 years) Adult (20+ years) Early adulthood (20 39 years) Middle adulthood (40 59 years) Advanced adulthood/Senior citizen (60+ years) Death (occurs at various ages, depending on person) Decomposition (breakdown of the body after death)

Ability to lift and control the orientation of the head Crawling begins Walking begins Speech begins Voice lowers in pitch (especially noticeable in boys) Pubic hair appears Genitals and reproductive organs mature Menstrual cycle begins (females) Body hair and facial hair appears

One of the major controversies in developmental psychology centers around whether development is continuous or discontinuous. Stage theories of development rest on the assumption that development is a discontinuous process involving distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. They also assume that the structure of the stages is not variable according to each individual, however the time of each stage may vary individually. Stage theories can be contrasted with continuous theories, which posit that development is an incremental process.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development described how children represent and reason about the world. Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development Michael Commons' Model of Hierarchical Complexity. Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development expanded on Freud's psychosexual stages, he defined eight stages that describe how individuals relate to their social world. James W. Fowler's stages of faith development theory.

Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages described the progression of an individual's unconscious desires. Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development described how individuals developed moral reasoning. Jane Loevinger, Stages of ego development. Margaret Mahler's separation-individuation theory of child development contained three phases regarding the child's object relations. James Marcia's theory of identity achievement and identity status.

Rudolf Steiner's seven-year phases, similar to Piaget's stage theory but extending into adulthood. Maria Montessori's sensitive periods of development. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Clare W. Graves' Emergent Cyclic Levels of Existence Theory. Judith Rich Harris' Modular theory of social development. Don Beck and Chris Cowan, Spiral Dynamics.

Those psychologists who support the continuous view of development suggest that development involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span, with behaviour in the earlier stages of development providing the basis of skills and abilities required for the next stages.

Not all psychologists, however, agree that development is a continuous process. Some view development as a discontinuous process. They believe development involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage. This suggests that the development of certain abilities in each stage, such as specific emotions or ways of thinking, have a definite starting and ending point.

Erik Erikson, psychoanalyst, describes the physical, emotional and psychological stages of development and relates specific issues, or developmental work or tasks, to each stage. For example, if an infant's physical and emotional needs are met sufficiently, the infant completes his/her task -developing the ability to trust others.

Stage 1. Oral-Sensory

Ages

Basic Conflict

Important Event Feeding

Summary The infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship (bond) with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust. The child's energies are directed toward the development of physical skills, including walking, grasping, and rectal sphincter control. The child learns control but may develop shame and doubt if not handled well.

Birth to Trust vs. 12 to 18 Mistrust months

2. Muscular-Anal

18 Autonomy vs. months Shame/Doubt to 3 years

Toilet training

Stage 3. Locomotor

Ages 3 to 6 years

Basic Conflict Initiative vs. Guilt

Important Event Independence

Summary The child continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative, but may be too forceful, leading to guilt feelings. The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence.

4. Latency

6 to 12 years

Industry vs. Inferiority

School

Stage

Ages

Basic Conflict

Important Event

Summary

5. Adolescence 12 to 18 years

Identity vs. Role confusion

Peer relation- The teenager must ships achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, poli-tics, and religion. Love relation- The young adult must ships develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation.

6. Young Adulthood

19 to 40 years

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage 7. Middle Adulthood

Ages

Basic Conflict

Important Event

Summary Each adult must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation.

40 to 65 Generativity vs. Parenting years Stagnation

8. Maturity

65 to death

Ego Integrity vs. Reflection on The culmination is a Despair and acceptance sense of oneself as one of one's life is, and of feeling fulfilled.

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