Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids s

(Density, Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity) (Density, Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity)
M.Reza Azizian M.Reza Azizian
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hikmet . Aybar Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hikmet . Aybar
Co Co- -S Supervisor: Asst upervisor: Asst.. P Prof. Dr. Tuba Okutucu rof. Dr. Tuba Okutucu
Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department
May 21, 2008 May 21, 2008
http://me.emu.edu.tr/mreza/current_research.htm http://me.emu.edu.tr/mreza/current_research.htm
Introduction Introduction
- - H Heat eat transfer transfer in in cooling cooling processes processes can can be be found found in in many many industrial industrial area areas s..
- - The The conventional conventional methods methods to to increase increase cooling cooling rates rates::
11- - Extended Extended surfaces surfaces such such as as fins fins
22- - Increasing Increasing flow flow rates rates
- - These These conventional conventional methods methods have have their their own own limitations limitations::
11- - F Fins ins:: undesirable undesirable increase increase in in the the size size of of thermal thermal management management system system
22- - Increasing Increasing flow flow rates rates:: increase increases s pumping pumping power power
- - There There is is aann immediate immediate need need for for new new and and innovative innovative concepts concepts to to achieve achieve
ultra ultra high high performance performance cooling cooling..
- - Nanofluids Nanofluids are are promising promising to to meet meet and and enhance enhance the the challenges challenges..
- - The The thermal thermal conductivity conductivity characteristics characteristics of of ordinary ordinary heat heat transfer transfer fluids fluids are are
not not adequate adequate to to meet meet our our requirements requirements..
- - The The thermal thermal conductivity conductivity characteristics characteristics of of ordinary ordinary heat heat transfer transfer fluids fluids are are
about about two two orders orders of of magnitude magnitude less less efficient efficient in in conducting conducting heat heat compare comparedd
to to metals metals..
- - Because Because aa solid solid metal metal has has aa larger larger thermal thermal conductivity conductivity than than aa base base fluid, fluid,
suspending suspending metallic metallic solid solid fine fine particle particles s into into the the base base fluid fluid is is expected expected to to
enhance enhance the the thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of that that fluid fluid..
- - Scattering Scattering solid solid particles particles (micrometer (micrometer or or even even mm mm dimension) dimension) into into liquids liquids
to to improve improve the the physical physical properties properties of of liquids liquids is is hardly hardly new, new, it it has has been been well well
known known for for 100 100 years, years, since since the the idea idea can can be be traced traced back back to to James James Clerk Clerk
Maxwells Maxwells theoretical theoretical work work (Maxwell, (Maxwell, 1873 1873) )..
- - These These micrometer micrometer or or mm mm dimension dimension solids solids in in base base fluid fluid cause cause problems problems
such such as as sedimentation, sedimentation, clogging, clogging, abrasion, abrasion, and and increase increase in in pressure pressure drop drop..
Nanofluids Nanofluids
- - Nanofluid Nanofluids s ha have ve aa potential potential to to reduce reduce such such problems problems..
- - Nanofluids, Nanofluids, aa name name conceived conceived by by Dr Dr..Choi, Choi, in in Argonne Argonne National National
Laboratory, Laboratory, to to describe describe aa fluid fluid consisting consisting of of solid solid nanoparticles nanoparticles with with size size
less less than than 100 100 nm nm suspended suspended on on it it with with solid solid volume volume fractions fractions typically typically less less
than than 44% %..
- - Base Base fluid fluid:: water, water, organic organic liquid liquid
- - Nanoparticle Nanoparticle size size:: 11- -100 100 nm nm
- - Nanoparticle Nanoparticle materials materials:: oxides oxides (e (e..gg..,, Al Al
22
O O
33
,, ZrO ZrO
22
,, SiO SiO
22
,, CuO), CuO), metals metals (e (e..gg..,,
Au, Au, Cu), Cu), Carbon Carbon nanotubes nanotubes
- - Nanofluid Nanofluid can can be be produced produced by by two two techniques techniques:: two two- -step step technique technique and and the the
single single- -step step technique technique..
- - Two Two- -step step technique technique:: The The two two step step method method starts starts with with producing producing
nanoparticle nanoparticle by by one one of of the the physical physical or or chemical chemical processes processes (e (e..gg..,, evaporation evaporation
and and inert inert- -gas gas condensation condensation processing) processing),, and and proceeds proceeds to to disperse disperse them them into into
aa base base fluid fluid;; most most of of the the nanofluids nanofluids are are produce producedd by by two two step step method method..
- - Single Single- -step step technique technique:: The The single single step step simultaneously simultaneously makes makes and and disperses disperses
the the nanoparticles nanoparticles directly directly into into aa base base fluid fluid;; best best for for metallic metallic nanofluids nanofluids..
- - Very Very recently recently an an interesting interesting scheme scheme:: the the synthesis synthesis of of metal metal nanoparticles nanoparticles in in
deionized deionized water, water, using using multi multi- -beam beam laser laser ablation ablation in in liquids, liquids, is is reported reported by by
Argonne Argonne National National Laboratory, Laboratory, where where the the nanoparticle nanoparticle size size and and distribution distribution
will will be be control controlled led by by the the laser laser parameters parameters..
- - ZrO ZrO
22
in water that produce with two in water that produce with two - - Cu nanoparticles produced by Cu nanoparticles produced by
Step method direct evaporation into ethylene Step method direct evaporation into ethylene
glycol glycol
Density and Specific heat Density and Specific heat
- - Calculation Calculation of of the the effective effective density density and and effective effective specific specific heat heat of of nanofluid nanofluid
is is straightforward straightforward..
- - They They can can be be estimate estimatedd base basedd on on the the physical physical principle principle of of the the mixture mixture rule rule
these these results results are are in in very very good good agreement agreement with with some some experimental experimental data data..
- - For For this this propose propose we we define define aa nanofluid nanofluid as as aa mixture mixture consisting consisting of of aa
continuous continuous base base fluid fluid component component called called matrix matrix and and aa discontinuous discontinuous solid solid
component component called called particles, particles, the the subscript subscript m m represent represents s the the base base fluid fluid
matrix matrix and and the the subscript subscript p p represent represents s particles particles in in base base fluid fluid..
(1 )
m p m m p p
e m p
e m p m p
m m V V
m
f f
V V V V V
p p
p p p
+ +
+
= = = = +

+ +
' '
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m p p m p p p m m p p p
p e e e e
e
e m p m p m m p p
Q Q mC T mC T C V C V
Q
C
m T m m T m m T V V
p p
p p p p p
p p
+ A + A +
+
= = = =

A + A + A +
' '
(1 )( ) ( )
p m p p
f C f C p p = +
(1 )( ) ( )
(1 )
p m p p
pe
m p
f C f C
C
f f
p p
p p
+
=
+
Thermal Conductivity (Experimental) Thermal Conductivity (Experimental)
- - Before Before suggesting suggesting aa theoretical theoretical model model for for thermal thermal conductivity conductivity let let s s first first
look look at at the the parameters parameters that that affect affect the the thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of nanofluid nanofluids s
from from experiments experiments..
- - According According to to the the report report of of Argonne Argonne National National Laboratory, Laboratory, eight eight parameters parameters
aaffect ffect the the thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of nanofluids, nanofluids, they they got got these these results results from from
about about 124 124 researchers researchers experiments experiments.. TThese hese effects effects are are::
11- - Particle Particle volume volume concentration concentration
22- - Particle Particle materials materials
33- - Particle Particle size size
44- - Particle Particle shape shape
55- - Base Base fluid fluid material material
66- - Temperature Temperature
77- - Additive Additive
88- - Acidity Acidity
- - Effect Effect of of Particle Particle Volume Volume Concentration Concentration
From From the the experimental experimental results results the the general general
trend trend is is clear clear:: thermal thermal conductivity conductivity
enhancement enhancement increases increases with with increase increase in in
particle particle volume volume concentration concentration..
(Al (Al
22
O O
33
in in water) water)
- - Effect Effect of of Particle Particle Material Material
The The thermal thermal conductivity conductivity ratio ratio is is seen seen to to
increase increase faster faster for for metal metals s than than oxide oxide
particles particles..
(Particles (Particles in in ethylene ethylene glycol) glycol)
- - Effect Effect of of Particle Particle Size Size
The The trend trend in in this this part part is is not not obvious obvious..
M Most ost of of the the researchers researchers report report that that
larger larger particle particle diameters diameters produce produce large larger r
enhancement enhancement in in thermal thermal conductivity conductivity but but
in in some some cases cases the the experiments experiments show show
indicate indicate the the opposite opposite..
A A consistent consistent trend trend appears appears where where larger larger
particle particle diameters diameters produce produce aa large large
enhancement enhancement in in thermal thermal conductivity conductivity::
Al Al
22
O O
33
in in water water
- - Effect Effect of of Particle Particle Shape Shape
All All of of the the results results indicate indicate that that elongated elongated
particles particles are are superior superior to to spherical spherical for for
thermal thermal conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement..
ee..gg.. SiC SiC in in water water
- - Effect Effect of of Base Base Fluid Fluid Material Material
The The results results show show increased increased thermal thermal
conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement for for poorer poorer (lower (lower
thermal thermal conductivity) conductivity) heat heat transfer transfer fluid fluid..
The The results results show show the the least least enhancement enhancement for for
water, water, which which is is the the best best heat heat transfer transfer fluid fluid
with with the the highest highest thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of the the
fluids fluids compared compared..
(Al (Al
22
O O
33
in in fluids) fluids)
- - Effect Effect of of Temperature Temperature
A All ll experiment experiments s show show increased increased thermal thermal
conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement with with increased increased
temperature temperature..
(Al (Al
22
O O
33
in in water) water)
- - Effect Effect of of Additives Additives
Experiments Experiments have have used used fluid fluid additives additives in in an an
attempt attempt to to keep keep nanoparticles nanoparticles in in suspension suspension
and and to to prevent prevent them them from from agglomerating agglomerating..
The The thermal thermal conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement
improved improved by by using using the the additive additive..
(Cu (Cu in in ethylene ethylene glycol) glycol)
- - Effect Effect of of Acidity Acidity (PH) (PH)
Limited Limited studies studies have have been been published published on on the the
effect effect of of fluid fluid acidity acidity on on the the thermal thermal
conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement of of nanofluids nanofluids..
But But the the general general trend trend is is that that acidity acidity
increases increases the the thermal thermal conductivity conductivity
enhancement enhancement..
(Al (Al
22
O O
33
in in water) water)
Thermal Conductivity (Theoretical Modeling) Thermal Conductivity (Theoretical Modeling)
- - Maxwell Maxwell was was one one of of the the first first to to analytically analytically investigate investigate conduction conduction through through
suspended suspended particles particles. .
- - This This equation equation and and other other equations equations for for thermal thermal conductivity conductivity ee..gg..,, Hamilton Hamilton
and and Crosser, Crosser, and and Rayleigh Rayleigh predict predict thermal thermal conductivity conductivity reasonably reasonably well well for for
dilute dilute mixtures mixtures of of relatively relatively large large particles particles in in fluids fluids..
- - When When we we go go to to the the nanoscale nanoscale we we have have to to consider consider some some effects effects that that do do not not
exist exist in in large large scales scales. . TToo improve improve the the predictions predictions we we consider consider::
11- - Effect Effect of of nanoparticle nanoparticle- -matrix matrix interfacial interfacial layer layer
22- - Effect Effect of of nanoparticle nanoparticle Brownian Brownian motion motion
33- - Effect Effect of of nanoparticle nanoparticle cluster/aggregate cluster/aggregate
3
2 ( )
p m
eff m m
m p p m
K K
K K f K
K K f K K

= +
+
Effect of Nanoparticle Interfacial layer Effect of Nanoparticle Interfacial layer
- - Liquid Liquid molecules molecules close close to to aa solid solid
surface surface are are known known to to form form layered layered
structures structures..
- - According According to to the the work work of of Yu, Yu, et et al al..
2000 2000 the the layered layered molecules molecules are are in in an an
intermediate intermediate physical physical state state between between aa
solid solid and and bulk bulk liquid liquid..
- - With With these these solid solid like like liquid liquid layers, layers, the the
nanofluid nanofluid structure structure consists consists of of solid solid
nanoparticles, nanoparticles, solid solid- -like like liquid liquid layer, layer,
and and aa bulk bulk liquid liquid..
- - TThe he solid solid- -like like nanolayer nanolayer acts acts as as aa
thermal thermal bridge bridge between between aa solid solid
nanoparticle nanoparticle and and aa bulk bulk liquid liquid and and so so is is
key key to to enhancing enhancing thermal thermal conductivity conductivity..
- - In In this this figure figure you you can can see see the the thermal thermal
conductivity conductivity enhancement enhancement by by modified modified
Maxwell Maxwell equation equation according according to to the the
interfacial interfacial layer layer assumption, assumption, for for copper copper- -
particle particle- -in in- -ethylene ethylene- -glycol glycol suspension suspension..
- - A A three three to to eight eight fold fold increase increase in in
thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of nanofluids nanofluids
compared compared to to the the enhancement enhancement without without
considering considering the the nanolayer nanolayer occurs occurs when when
nanoparticles nanoparticles are are smaller smaller than than the the
critical critical radius radius 55nm nm..
- - This This finding finding suggests suggests that that adding adding
smaller smaller (< (<10 10 nm nm diameter) diameter) particles particles
could could be be potentially potentially better better than than adding adding
larger larger- -size size nano nano- -particles particles..
Effect of Brownian Motion Effect of Brownian Motion
- - Because Because of of the the size size of of nanoparticles nanoparticles the the
Brownian Brownian motion motion of of nanoparticles nanoparticles will will be be
another another potential potential factor factor in in calculating calculating the the
thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of nanofluids nanofluids..
- - To To develop develop such such aa theory theory for for the the
thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of nanofluids nanofluids it it is is
assumed assumed that that energy energy transport transport in in
nanofluids nanofluids involv involvee four four modes modes::
11- - Collision Collision between between base base fluid fluid
molecules molecules..
22- - Thermal Thermal diffusion diffusion in in nanoparticles nanoparticles..
33- - Collision Collision between between nanoparticles nanoparticles..
44- - Thermal Thermal interaction interaction of of dynamic dynamic or or
dancing dancing nanoparticles nanoparticles with with base base fluid fluid
molecules molecules..
- - The The S S. .P P.. Jang Jang and and U U..S S.. Choi Choi model model is is able able
to to predict predict aa particle particle- -size size and and temperature temperature- -
dependent dependent conductivity conductivity of of nanofluids, nanofluids,
while while no no existing existing theories theories explain explain or or predict predict
these these effects effects..
- - The The S S..P P.. Jang Jang and and U U..S S.. Choi Choi model model
predicts predicts the the experiment experimental al data data for for
temperature temperature dependency dependency with with excellent excellent
agreement agreement.. In In contrast, contrast, conventional conventional
theories theories with with motionless motionless nanoparticles nanoparticles fail fail
to to predict predict this this behaviour behaviour (horizontal (horizontal dashed dashed
line) line)..
- - The The Maxwell Maxwell model model predicts predicts decreasing decreasing
nanofluid nanofluid conductivity conductivity with with decreasing decreasing
particle particle size, size, but but according according to to S S..P P.. Jang Jang and and
U U..S S.. Choi Choi model model when when the the particle particle size size
decrease decreases s the the random random motion motion is is larger larger and and
the the convection convection like like effect effect become becomes s
dominant dominant..
Effect of Particle Clustering Effect of Particle Clustering
- -Sometimes nanofluids are in form of Sometimes nanofluids are in form of
cluster clusters s when the concentration is high when the concentration is high
or when the time is increase or when the time is increasedd..
- - It is accepted that heat transfer is a It is accepted that heat transfer is a
surface phenomenon and the thermal surface phenomenon and the thermal
energy interaction take energy interaction takes s place at the place at the
surface of nanoparticles. surface of nanoparticles.
- - When the particles get agglomerated, When the particles get agglomerated,
the effective surface area to volume the effective surface area to volume
ratio decreases, thus reducing the ratio decreases, thus reducing the
effective area of thermal interaction of effective area of thermal interaction of
particles causing a decrease in the particles causing a decrease in the
thermal conductivity of the fluid. thermal conductivity of the fluid.
- - Mesh like structure observed, in water based CuO nanofluid of 0.1 vol% Mesh like structure observed, in water based CuO nanofluid of 0.1 vol%
after sonication for (a) 20min, (b) 60min and (c) 70 min. after sonication for (a) 20min, (b) 60min and (c) 70 min.
- - It can be seen It can be seen that that the structure formation beg the structure formation begin in only after 60 min from the only after 60 min from the
sonication(vibration of liquid with ultrasonic bath). sonication(vibration of liquid with ultrasonic bath).
Conclusion Conclusion
- - A review of experimental studies clearly shows a relatively large chaos and A review of experimental studies clearly shows a relatively large chaos and
randomness in the published data. randomness in the published data.
- - Our review on theoretical models indicate Our review on theoretical models indicates s that a clear understanding of the that a clear understanding of the
main mechanism(s) involved in thermal transport phenomena in nanofluids main mechanism(s) involved in thermal transport phenomena in nanofluids
is not established yet. is not established yet.
- - In our project we have a plan to apply the formula for thermal conductivity In our project we have a plan to apply the formula for thermal conductivity
of gas mixture of gas mixtures s to nanofluid to nanofluids. s.