DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

JODHPUR
PRACTICAL TRAINING PRASENTATI ON ON NUCLEAR RADIATION

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: D.K. Tripathi SCIENTIST E DEFENCE LABORATORY , JODHPUR

PRESENTED BY:

JYOTI MIRDHA VII SEM,ECE

CONTENTS

ABOUT DRDO INTRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION UNITS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION NUCLEAR RADIATION DETECTORS RADIATION MONITORS APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

ABOUT DRDO
DRDO was formed in 1958 from the union of already functioning technical development establishment of indian army . DRDO works to develope world class weapon system and equipment as per requirement of the military services. It is responsible for the development and manufacture of electronics and materials. DRDO is working in various areas of military technology which include aeronautics, armaments , combat vehicles, electronics, instrumentation engineering systems, advanced computing, simulation and life sciences.

WHAT IS

NUCLEAR RADIATION?

Nuclear

radiation can transfer the energy from nuclear decay to the electron of atoms or molecules and cause ionization.

WHAT TYPES

IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ? OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION?

1. NON IONIZING RADIATION

2. IONIZING RADIATION

NON IONIZING RADIATION IS DEFINED AS RADIATION WITHOUT ENOUGH ENERGY TO REMOVE TIGHTLY BOUND ELECTRONS FROM THEIR ORBITS AROUND ATOMS.

EXAMPLES -:VISIBLE LIGHT,RADIO WAVES,TV WAVES,MICROWAVES

IONIZING RADIATION IS DEFINED AS RADIATION WITH ENOUGH ENERGY TO REMOVE TIGHTLY BOUND ELECTRONS FROM THEIR ORBITS AROUND ATOMS DURING AN INTRACTION WITH AN ATOM.

EXAMPLES-: ALPHA RAYS,BETA RAYS, GAMMA RAYS,X-RAYS,NEUTRONS

QUANTITY
EXPOSURE

COMMON UNITS
ROENTGEN(R), COULOMBS/KG

WHAT IS MEASURED
AMOUNT OF CHARGE PRODUCED IN ONE KG OF AIR BY X- OR GAMMA RAYS AMOUNT OF ENERGY ABSORBED IN ONE GRAM OF MATTER FROM RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE MODIFIED BY THE ABILITY OF THE RADIATION TO CAUSE BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE

ABSORBED DOSE

RED,GRAY(GY)

DOSE EQUIVALENT

REM,SIEVERT(SV)

1)

GEIGER-MUELLER (GM) TUBE DETECTORS SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS

2)

3)

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GEIGER-MULLER(GM )TUBE

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The tube is filled with Argon gas, and around +400 Volts is applied to the thin wire in the middle. When a particle enters the tube, it pulls an electron from an Argon atom. The electron is attracted to the central wire, and as it rushes towards the wire, the electron will knock other electrons from Argon atoms, causing an "avalanche". Thus one single incoming particle will cause many electrons to arrive at the wire, creating a pulse which can be amplified and counted. This gives us a very sensitive detector.

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Just inside the entrance window of the photomultiplier is the photocathode, an electrode coated with photosensitive material. On average, for every five scintillation photons striking the photocathode, one electron is emitted. The electron produced is then accelerated toward an electron multiplier system consisting of 10 or so specialized electrodes called dynodes. Each dynode is at approximately 100 V higher potential than the preceding dynode. As electrons are accelerated toward each dynode, they gain sufficient kinetic energy to eject several electrons at impact. If five electrons are ejected at each dynode and the photomultiplier have N dynodes, then the total number of electrons collected at the anode for each emitted from the photocathode is 5N. This process produces an electron gain that is usually on the order of 106 to 108. The overall response of the photomultiplier is linear because the output signal is proportional to the number of light photons striking the photocathode; the number of light photons striking the photocathode is in turn proportional to the total energy deposited in the crystal. This characteristic is exploited in the scintillation camera, where all photomultiplier signal outputs are summed to create a "Z" signal that is representative of the total energy deposited in the detector.

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A floating gate MOSFET is basically a p-channel MOSFET with an electrically floating polysilicon gate that has a large extension over field oxide. Direct Ion Storage is used which uses the concept of ionization chamber. The charge is created in the gas chamber by means of a charge pump & fabricated over the MOSFET. The charge induced, when the radiations fall over the chamber reduce the existing charges over the floating gate. This reduces the concentration of holes in the p channel & thus reducing Ids.By placing various converter layers, gamma, fast neutron & thermal neutron can be detected.

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RADIATION MONITORS AND INSTRUMENTS

PERSONNEL MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

PORTAL MONITORS

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AREA MONITORS

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SURVEY METERS

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RADIATION MONITORS NUCLEAR COUNTING SYSTEM NIM INSTRUMENTATION PORTABLE RADIATION MONITORS AREA GAMMA MONITORS COUNTING AIR MONITORS,STACK & DUCT MONITORS

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EFFECT OF RADIATIONS
DOSE(rem)
0-25 26-50 51-100 101-200 201-500 500

EFFECT
NO EFFECT SMALL DECREASE IN WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT LOSS OF HAIR,NAUSEA HEMORRHAGING,ULCERS,DEATH IN 50% OF POPULATION DEATH

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 MEDICAL INDUSTRY FOOD AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLD

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