SUBMITTED UNDER

SHRI SHRIDHAR JOSHI SHRI K.N. HOSUR

SUBMITTED BY

NAYAN N KULKARNI
VIII SEM ECE
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2SD07EC051

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Introduction Birth of Android Features Version history Detailed description Operation Architecture Developing application Security issues What makes Android special Advantages and disadvantages Conclusions and future scope References
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Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system middleware and key applications.

 

THE BIRTH OF ANDROID Android.INC was a small company which was acquired by Google in July 2005. During November 2007 Open Handset Alliance(OHA) was founded.

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Application framework Dalvik virtual machine Integrated browser Optimized graphics SQLite Handset layouts Data storage connectivity

Messaging Web browser Java virtual machine Media support Additional hardware support

Development environment

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Android has seen many updates since original release. These updates are to fix bugs and add new features.

Most recent versions

   

2.0/2.1 - Eclair 2.2 2 .3 3.0 - Froyo - Gingerbread - Honeycomb

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Operation
 Android runtime

 Core libraries provide functionalities.  It depends on linux kernel for functionalities such as threadind and memory management.
 Linux kernel

 linux 2.6 version is used.  Memory management,security,network stack etc.

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Android applications are collection of components of various kind.

These components all run in the same system process. Its possible to create separate threads for the process Its possible to create a separate child process.

The major application building blocks are

Activity Intent receiver Service Content provider

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AndroidManifest.xml

The control file that tells what to do with the top level components(the four listed in previous slide).

Developer should predefine which he wants to use in the specific .xml file.

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Application lifestyle
 Every application runs its own process.  Not using the components properly can result in the system killing the

application process while it is doing important work.

 To determine which process to be killed when low on memory importance

hierarchy based on the components running in them and the state of those components.

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 Process types

 Foreground process A process is considered to be foreground if Running an activity on top of the screen that the user is interacting with. Has a broadcast receiver that is currently running. Has service that is currenlty executing code in one of its callbacks. A process is killed only if there is no memory even to continue with the basic processes.

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Visible process Service process Background process Empty process

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Application framework
 A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application,

including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
 Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other

applications
 A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized

strings, graphics, and layout files

 A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in

the status bar

 An Activity Manager that manages the life cycle of applications and provides a

common navigation backstack

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Library
 C/C++ libraries  System C library  Media libraries  Surface manager(2D/3D graphic layer management)  Libwebcore  3D libraries.  SQLite

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Security issues
 More secure than Apples iphone.  Several solutions to protect google phone from various attacks.  Linux coding is secure.  Open source platform is disadvantageous as it is open for hackers.  Anti-virus, anti-spam, firewall.  GPS hacking.  Though android is secure compared to others but it is not completely free from

such attacks.

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Manufacturers war
 Googlesmain competitors are nokia , microsoft and apple.  They do not consider android as a serious rival or threat to their business

stratergies.

Market research
 huge leap for mobile advertisement business.  Android is going to present new solutions through the fast search engines,open

search applications and other services.

 20% of people in the world are interested in buying a google android phone

even though this is just a new trend in the market.

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There are many mobile platforms today like blackberry , symbian , linux mobile etc in competition with android. But some of the android features makes it special they are

A truly open , free development platform based on linux and open source. A component based architecture inspired by internet mash-ups. Can update with new versions. Built in services like GPS , browser and map views. Optimized for low-power , low memory devices in a fundamental way that no previous platform has attempted.

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High quality graphics and sound, smooth anti-aliased 2D vector graphics and animation inspired by flash with 3D.

Codecs for most common industry audio and video. Support for variety of input methods such as keyboard, touch, tilt, camera , voice and trackball.

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Advantages
 Open - Android allows you to access core mobile device functionality through

standard API calls.

 All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate between the phone's

basic and third-party applications -- even the dialer or home screen can be replaced.
 Breaking down boundaries - Combine information from the web with data on

the phone -- such as contacts or geographic location -- to create new user experiences.
 Fast and easy development
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Disadvantages  Security - Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the attention of black hat hackers.  Open Source - A disadvantage of open-source development is that anyone can scrutinize the source code to find vulnerabilities and write exploits.  Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted file system and has a vulnerable log-in.  Incompetence - Google s dependence on hardware and carrier partners puts the final product out of their control.

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Android has been criticized for not being all open-source Google android is stepping into the next level of mobile internet. Many upcoming mobiles have android as there OS. User friendly May be even goto an extent that even PC will have the same

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http://www.android.com - Android Official Webpage http://code.google.com/android/ - Official Android Google Code Webpage http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ - Open Handset Alliance Webpage http://www.androidwiki.com Android Wiki http://googleblog.blogspot.com/ - Official Google Blog http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobile_phone_platform) Wikipedia Information

http://www.scribd.com/Android - scribd webpage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software) http://www.itworld.com/google-android-dr-080213

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