Artery White blood cells

Platelets

Red blood cells

 Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones

Plasma-55% Buffy coat-<1%

Formed elements-45%

90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes

 Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO2 Urea

 Leukocytes Platelets

 Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes)

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytep7.5Qm in dia y Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow y Hematopoiesis- production of RBC y Function- transport respiratory gases y Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 E chains and 2 F chains y Lack mitochondria. Why? y 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules y Men- 5 million cells/mm3 y Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3 y Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Hematopoiesis
Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
Give rise to all formed elements Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development

New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production
A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

Erythropoiesis
Phases in development
1. Ribosome synthesis 2. Hemoglobin accumulation 3. Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes

Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

Stem cell

Committed cell

Developmental pathway Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus

Hemocytoblast

Proerythroblast

Early Late erythroblast erythroblast

Normoblast

Reticulo- Erythrocyte cyte

Figure 17.5

Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on
Hormonal controls Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO)
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis

Causes of hypoxia
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)

Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis

Effects of EPO
More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 12 days

Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

Formation & Destruction of RBCs

Blood Cell Production

Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, o viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer, tissue hypoxia, dehydration; however, naturally occurs at high elevations Blood doping- in athletespremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it; Epoetin;banned by Olympics.

Sickle-cell anemiaHbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the F chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Never let monkeys eat bananas

Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45%

Basophil

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

platelet Neutrophil

Monocyte

ID WBCs

Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall

Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC countdrug induced

Leukemias
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved

ononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

Platelets
Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Stem cell

Developmental pathway

Hemocytoblast

Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte

Platelets

Figure 17.12

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding

Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

Tissue Damage

Platelet Plug Clotting Factors

Hemostasis:
1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

4. Coagulation

Hemostasis
(+ feedback)

Clotting Factors
thromboplastin

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood Clot
RBC

Platelet Fibrin thread

Disorders of Hemostasis
Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Thromboembolytic Conditions
Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
May block circulation, leading to tissue death

Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

Thromboembolytic Conditions
Prevented by
Aspirin
Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2

Heparin
Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care

Warfarin
Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to inflammation, infection or cancer Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets causes spontaneous bleeding due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation) Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

 Impaired liver function

Inability to synthesize procoagulants Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption

 Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors

Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome)

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A&B AB no anti body Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

Type A
b b b

b b b b

Type B

a a a a

Type O

a a b a a b b

Type AB

Rh Factor and Pregnancy

RH+ indicates protein RH- indicates no protein

Rh Factor and Pregnancy

Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem

RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor

Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive

Blood Type A B AB O antigen A antigen B antigen A & B neither A or B

Clumping anti-A serum anti-B serum anti A & B serum

Antibody antibody anti-b antibody anti-a -

no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

Blood being tested Anti-A Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A)

Serum Anti-B

RBCs

Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)
Figure 17.16

Blood Type & Rh O O A A B B AB AB Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative

How Many Have It 1 person in 3 1 person in 15 1 person in 3 1 person in 16 1 person in 12 1 person in 67 1 person in 29 1 person in 167

Frequency 37.4% 6.6% 35.7% 6.3% 8.5% 1.5% 3.4% .6%

ABO Blood Types Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A i B I B I B or I B i A I B AB I

Punnett square Type A and Type B cross

IB

i IAi

IA

IAIB

IA

IAIB

IAi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

INQUIRY What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells? What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____. In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?