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DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
GENES units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT Called NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES
O O=P-O O
CH2 O N C4 C1 C3 C2
Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar (deoxyribose)
A HISTORY OF DNA
y
Discovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928) B. C. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklins X-ray. (1953)
Legs of ladder
P
5 4 3 2 1
O O
1
3 4
P
5
T
O
A
O
Nitrogenous Bases
y
Chargaff s Rule
y y y
Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same same.
BASEBASE-PAIRINGS
H-bonds
Genetic Diversity
y
Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.
The code of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.
A T C G T A T G C G G
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
DNA Replication
DNA must be copied y The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing: A-T, G-C Gy
Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand
Replication Quiz 1. Why is replication necessary? 2. When does replication occur? 3. Describe how replication works. 4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand:
A---? G---? C---? T---? A---? G---? A---? G---? C---? A---? G---? T---?
Replication Quiz
1. Why is replication necessary? So both new cells will have the correct DNA 2. When does replication occur? During interphase (S phase). 3. Describe how replication works. Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary nucleotides join each original strand. 4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand: A---T G---C C---G T---A A---T G---C A---T G---C C---G A---T G---C T---A
(1961) Watson
y
DNA Transcription
y
DNA can unzip itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC acids.
DNA Translation
y The
Transcription/Translation Quiz 1. Why is transcription necessary? 2. Describe transcription. 3. Why is translation necessary? 4. Describe translation. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. 6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC
4. Describe translation. The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. 6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine
DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!! It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)
INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
Mendels Experiment
Mendel did his study on pea plants y Pea plants have many traits (tall/short, purple flowers/white flowers) y Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized
y
Types of Plants
y True-Breeding
=
y Hybrids
offspring of true-breeding
plants
Hybrid
Dominance
Some traits are dominant over others. y Tall x Short = all tall offspring (hybrids)
y
Round R
y
x
r
Wrinkled
Genes factors that determine your traits Example: seed shape ( round or wrinkled)
When a parent makes sperm or eggs, their genes separate (PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION) The GAMETES (egg or sperm) contain either a T allele (tall) or a t allele (short)
Monohybrid Cross
P1
F1
WHAT IS GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE? GENOTYPE - The genetic make up of the organism (TT, Tt, tt) PHENOTYPE - what it looks like (tall or short)
y y
BIOMETRICS
y Biometrics
is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for AUTHENTICATION purposes.
human being are unique individual due to the DNA component present on our body and how this components are arranged.
are used to: y secure facilities, y protect access to computer networks, y counter fraud, y screen people at our borders, y and fight crime.
are used to manage identities for: y first responders at the scene of a natural disaster, y border patrol, y soldiers in theater, y and police officers on the street.
References:
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