UNIT-ONE

MACHINE TOOLS & LATHE

VIJAY KUMAR CHOUDHARY ASST. PROF. MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT

Machine Tools
Machine tool is a power driven machine that shapes metal to produce components.
The removal of chips Pressing, drawing, or shearing Controlled electrical machining processes

Machine Tool Capabilities

Holding and supporting the work-piece. Holding and supporting a cutting tool. Imparting a suitable movement (rotating or reciprocating) to the cutting tool or the work. Feeding the cutting tool or the work so that the desired cutting action and accuracy will be achieved.

Machine Tool Classification

Degree of specialization
General purpose machine like Lathe, Shaper, milling machine. Special purpose machine like gear cutting (Hobbing) machine.

Type of surface produced

Cylindrical surface producing machine tools like lathe, drilling machine. Flat surface producing machine tools like milling machine, shaper machine.

 Types of motion - Reciprocating type motion like shaper, planer, slottter. - Rotary type machine tool like lathe, drilling, grinding machine. Degree of Automation - Manual control machine tools. - Semi-Automatic machine tools. - Automatic machine tools.

 Duty Cycle -Light duty machine tools. -Medium duty machine tools. -Heavy duty machine tools. Type of energy used -Conventional machine tools that use mechanical energy, e.g. lathe, drilling, milling, shaper. - Non-conventional machine tools which may use chemical, electro-discharge energy etc.

Machine Tool Performance

Metal-removal rate
Depends upon cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut

Accuracy
How precisely machine can position cutting tool to given location once

Repeatability
Ability of machine to position cutting tool consistently to any given position

General Machine Shop Tools

Tools basic to production of metal components Operations most commonly performed: turning, boring, threading, drilling, reaming, sawing, milling, filing, and grinding Basic Machine tools
Drill press, engine lathe, power saw, milling machine and grinder

Drill Press
First mechanical device developed Used primarily to produce round holes Function to grip and revolve cutting tool Common operations
Drilling, reaming, spot facing, countersinking, counterboring, and tapping

Engine Lathe
Used to produce round work Workpiece held and mounted on lathe spindle which is revolved against cutting tool Common operations
Straight turning, tapering, facing, drilling, boring, reaming, and thread cutting

Two Types of Metal Saw

Reciprocating cutoff saw
Used to cut work to length only

Bandsaw
Horizontal
Used to cut work to length

Vertical
Used to cut work to length and shape

Milling Machine
Two types: horizontal and vertical milling Use one or more rotating milling cutters with single or multiple cutting edges Workpiece fed into revolving cutter Accessories allow wide variety of operations
Drilling, reaming, boring, counterboring and spot facing

Grinder
Use abrasive cutting tool on workpiece
Bring to accurate size Produce high surface finish

Surface of work brought into contact with revolving grinding wheel

Common Types of Grinders

Surface
Used to produce flat, angular, or contoured surfaces

Cylindrical
Used to produce internal and external diameters

Cutter and Tool

Used to sharpen milling machine cutters

Special Machine Tools

Designed to perform all operations necessary to produce single component Include
Gear-generating machines Centerless, cam and thread grinders Turret lathes Automatic screw machines

CNC Equivalent of Engine Lathe

Capable of machining round parts in one sixth time of skilled machinist Two centers
Chucking
Designed to machine parts in a chuck (holding and driving device)

Turning
Designed mainly for shaft-type workpieces supported by some type of tailstock center

Robotics
One of fastest-growing areas of manufacturing industry Numerical control applied to robots Capable of handling materials and changing machine tool accessories easily and efficiently

Lasers
Used increasingly for cutting and welding Used in sensing devices for extremely accurate measuring and surveying Used for many materials beyond metals

LATHE
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required shape &size.

Types of Lathe
Engine Lathe The most common form of lathe, motor driven and comes in large variety of sizes and shapes. - Not production lathe, found in Colleges work-shops, tool rooms, and job shops - Primarily for single piece or short runs - Manually operated

Engine Lathe

Bench Lathe A bench top model usually of low power used to make precision machine small work pieces. Automatic Lathe A lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and removed without use of an operator. Cutting operations are automatically controlled by a sequencer of some form Turret Lathe lathe which have multiple tools mounted on turret either attached to the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows for quick changes in tooling and cutting operations. Computer Controlled Lathe A highly automated lathe, where both cutting, loading, tool changing, and part unloading are automatically controlled by computer coding.

Turret Lathe

Component Description

Three jaw chuck

- For holding cylindrical stock centered. - For facing/center drilling the end of your aluminum stock

Four-Jaw Chuck

- This is independent chuck generally has four jaws , which are adjusted individually on the chuck face by means of adjusting screws

Collet Chuck Collet chuck is used to hold small workpieces Thin jobs can be held by means of magnetic chucks.

Magnetic Chuck

Thin jobs can be held by means of magnetic chucks.

Lathe Size and Capacity

Designated by largest work diameter that can be swung over lathe ways and generally the maximum distance between centers Manufactured in wide range of sizes
Most common: 9- to 30- in. swing with capacity of 16 in. to 12 feet between centers Typical lathe: 13 in. swing, 6 ft long bed, Average metric lathe: 230-330 mm swing and bed length of 500 3000 mm

Lathe Size

Lathe Size

Lathe Size

Lathe Size

Lathe Bed
Heavy, rugged casting Made to support working parts of lathe On top section are machined ways
Guide and align major parts of lathe

Lathe Bed

Headstock
Clamped on left-hand end of bed Headstock spindle
Hollow cylindrical shaft supported by bearings
Provides drive through gears to work-holding devices

Live center, faceplate, or chuck fitted to spindle nose to hold and drive work

Driven by stepped pulley or transmission gears Feed reverse lever

Reverses rotation of feed rod and lead screw

Headstock

Quick-Change Gearbox
Contains number of different-size gears Provides feed rod and lead-screw with various speeds for turning and threadcutting operations
Feed rod advances carriage when automatic feed lever engaged Lead screw advances the carriage for thread-cutting operations when split-nut lever engaged

Quick-Change Gearbox

Top View

Carriage
Used to move cutting tool along lathe bed Consists of three main parts
Saddle
H-shaped casting mounted on top of lathe ways, provides means of mounting cross-slide and apron

Cross-slide Apron

Carriage

Carriage

Cross-slide
Mounted on top of saddle Provides manual or automatic cross movement for cutting tool Compound rest (fitted on top of crossslide)
Used to support cutting tool Swiveled to any angle for taper-turning Has graduated collar that ensure accurate cutting-tool settings (.001 in.) (also crossslide)

Cross-slide

Apron
Fastened to saddle Houses gears and mechanism required to move carriage or crossslide automatically Locking-off lever inside apron prevents engaging split-nut lever and automatic feed lever at same time Apron handwheel turned manually to move carriage along lathe bed

Apron

Tailstock
Upper and lower tailstock castings Adjusted for taper or parallel turning by two screws set in base Tailstock clamp locks tailstock in any position along bed of lathe Tailstock spindle has internal taper to receive dead center
Provides support for right-hand end of work

Tailstock

OPERATIONS OF LATHE

Cutting Tools

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Various Cutting Operations

Turing produces straight, conical, curved, or grooved work-pieces Facing produces a flat surface at the end of the part Boring to enlarge a hole Drilling - to produce a hole Cutting off to cut off a workpeiece Threading to produce threads Knurling produces a regularly shaped roughness

Cutting Operations

Fig : Various cutting operations that can be performed on a late. Not that all parts have circular symmetry

Cutting Tools
One of most important components in machining process Performance will determine efficiency of operation Two basic types
Single point and multiple point

Must have rake and clearance angles ground or formed on them

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Cutting-Tool Materials
Toolbits generally made of seven materials
High-speed steel Cast alloys (such as stellite) Cemented carbides Ceramics Cermets Cubic Boron Nitride Polycrystalline Diamond

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Cutting Tool Properties

Hardness
Cutting tool material must be 1 1/2 times harder than the material it is being used to machine.

Capable of maintaining a red hardness during machining operation

Red hardness: ability of cutting tool to maintain sharp cutting edge Also referred to as hot hardness or hot strength

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Cutting Tool Properties

Wear Resistance
Able to maintain sharpened edge throughout the cutting operation

Shock Resistance
Able to take the cutting loads and forces

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Cutting Tool Properties

Shape and Configuration
Must be available for use in different sizes and shapes.

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High-Speed Steel
May contain combinations of tungsten, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt Can take heavy cuts, withstand shock and maintain sharp cutting edge under red heat Generally two types (general purpose)
Molybdenum-base (Group M) Tungsten-base (Group T)

Cobalt added if more red hardness desired

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Cast Alloy
Usually contain 25% to 35% chromium, 4% to 25% tungsten and 1% to 3% carbon
Remainder cobalt

Qualities
High hardness High resistance to wear Excellent red-hardness

Operate 2 times speed of high-speed steel Weaker and more brittle than high-speed steel
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Carbide Cutting Tools

First used in Germany during WW II as substitute for diamonds Various types of cemented (sintered) carbides developed to suit different materials and machining operations
Good wear resistance Operate at speeds ranging 150 to 1200 f/min

Can machine metals at speeds that cause cutting edge to become red hot without loosing harness
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TOOL GEOMETRY

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Shank It is main body of tool. The shank used to gripped in tool holder. Flank The surface or surface below the adjacent of the cutting edge is called flank of the tool. Face It is top surface of the tool along which the chips slides. Base It is actually a bearing surface of the tool when it is held in tool holder or clamped directly in a tool post. Heel It is the intersection of the flank & base of the tool. It is curved portion at the bottom of the tool. Nose It is the point where side cutting edge & base cutting edge intersect. Cutting edge It is the edge on face of the tool which removes the material from work piece. The cutting edges are side cutting edge (major cutting edge) & end cutting edge ( minor cutting edge) Tool angles-Tool angles have great importance. The tool with proper angle, reduce breaking of tool, cut metal more efficiently, generate less heat. Nose radius It provide long life & good surface finish sharp point on nose is highly stressed, & leaves grooves in the path of cut. Longer nose radius produce chatter.

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Side cutting edge angle (Cs) (lead angle ) It is the angle between side cutting edge & side of tool flank. The complementary angle of the side cutting edge is called Approach angle. With lager side cutting edge angle the chips produced will be thinner & wider which will distribute the cutting forces & heat produced more over cutting edge. On other hand greater the component for force tending to separate the work & tool. This causes chatter. End cutting edge angle (Ce) This is the angle between end cutting edge & line normal to tool shank. It satisfactory value is 80 to 150. This is denoted by Ce Function Provide clearance or relief to trailing end of cutting edge. It prevent rubbing or drag between machined surface & the trailing port of cutting edge. Back rack/ Front rake / Top rake angle ( b) It is the angle between face of tool & plane parallel to base. It is denoted by b Side rake angle ( s) It is angle between face of tool & the shank of the tool. It is denoted by s
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Front clearance angle / End relief angles The angle between front surface of the tool & line normal to base of the tool is known as a front clearance angle It avoid rubbing of workpiece against tool. Side clearance /relief angle This formed by the side surface of the tool with a plane normal to the base of the tool. It avoid rubbing between flank & workpiece when tool is fed longitudinally. Lip angle / cutting angle It is the angle between face & flank. Longer lip angle stronger will be cutting edge. This angle is maximum when clearance & rake angle are minimum. Lager lip angle allows high depth of cut, high cutting speed, work on hard material. It increase tool life & transfer heat fastly.

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Designation of cutting tool / Tool signature

Tool signature is the description of the cutting part of the tool. There are two system for tool signature. 1. Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system) (ASA) 2. Tool reference system (or Orthogonal rake system) (ORS) We discuss only reference system as it is widely used. In this system angles of the tool face are defined in two orthogonal planes, parallel to the axis of the cutting tool & perpendicular to the axis of cutting tool, both planes being perpendicular to the base of the tool. So tool signature or tool designation under machine reference system is given by b- s-Qe-Qs-Ce-Cs-R where b=Back rake angle s=side rake angle Qe= end clearance angle Qs= side clearance angle Ce= end cutting edge angle Cs= side cutting edge angle R= nose radius.
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Tool Geometry

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Side Rake
Large as possible to allow chips to escape Amount determined
Type and grade of cutting tool Type of material being cut Feed per revolution

Angle of keenness
Formed by side rake and side clearance

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Back Rake
Angle formed between top face of tool and top of tool shank
Positive
Top face slopes downward away from point

Negative
Top face slopes upward away from point

Neutral

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Cutting Speeds and Feeds

Important factors that influence speeds, feeds, and depth of cut Type and hardness of work material Grade and shape of cutting tool Rigidity of cutting tool Rigidity of work and machine Power rating of machine

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Tool Setup
1. Hold carbide tool in turret-type holder
Amount of tool overhang enough for chip clearance

2. Cutting tool set exactly on center 3. Designed to operate while bottom of tool shank is in horizontal position 4. If rocker-type tool post: remove rocker, invert rocker base, shim tool to correct height, Use special carbide tool holder (having no rake) 5. Always keep it from touching work and machine parts to avoid damaging tool point
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Machine Setup
Always make sure machine has adequate power rating for machining operation and no slippage in clutch and belts Set correct speed for material cut and operation performed
Too high cause rapid tool failure Too low result in inefficient cutting action

Set machine feed for good metal-removal rate and good surface finish
Too light causes rubbing Too coarse slows down machine creates heat
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Tool wear / Tool failure

After use of some time tool is subjected to wear. Cause of tool wear
Interaction between tool & chip. Cutting forces. Temperature increase during cutting.

*Effect of tool wear

Tool wear changes tool shape, decrease efficacy. Tool wear induce loss of dimensional accuracy, loss of surface finish. It increases power consumption.

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Classification of tool wear

Flank wear Crater wear on tool face Chipping Breakage Loss of hardness at high temperature
Flank wear It occurs on flank. It is due to friction between newly machined wokpiece surface & contact area of flank. The worn region at flank is called wear land . The width of wear land (hf) is account as a measure of wear & it is determined by means of tool maker microscope. Causes
Feed of brittle material is less than 0.15 mm/rev. Abrasion by hard particles & inclusions in workpiece. Abrasion by fragment of built up edge.  Shearing of micro welds between tool & work
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 Crater wear The small cavity is crated on the face of the tool. This small cavity is called crater which develops at some distance from cutting edge.
Causes

1 Pressure of chips when it is slide over face of tool. 2 High temp at tool- chip interface. Some times it reaches to the melting temperature. 3 Crater wear is more in case of continuous chips of ductile material. 4 Lack of lubrication. 5 Feed is less than 0.15 mm/rev. 6 Low cutting speed.

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Operating/Cutting Conditions
1. 2. 3. Cutting Speed v Feed f Depth of Cut d

Tool post

Workpiece Chip Tool

D

N (rev/min) S peripheral speed (m/min)

CUTTING SPEED
Cutting speed is the relative speed at which the tool passes through the work material and removes metal. It is normally expressed in meters per minute (or feet per inch in British units). It has to do with the speed of rotation of the work-piece or the tool, as the case may be. The higher the cutting speed, the better the productivity. For every work material and tool material combo, there is always an ideal cutting speed available, and the tool manufacturers generally give the guidelines for it.

Tool post

Workpiece Chip Tool D

N (rev/min) S peripheral speed (m/min)

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Operating Conditions..

Cutting Speed
D N Diameter (mm) Revolutions per Minute (rpm)

The Peripheral Speed of Work-piece past the Cutting Tool

=Cutting Speed

CUTTING SPEED

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FEED

In case of rotating tools with multiple cutting teeth (like a milling cutter), the feed rate is first reckoned in terms of feed per tooth, expressed in millimeters (mm/tooth). In case of lathe operations, it is feed per revolution that states how much a tool advances in one revolution of work-piece. In case of milling, feed per revolution is nothing but feed per tooth multiplied by the number of teeth in the cutter. To actually calculate the time taken for cutting a job, it is feed per minute (in mm/min) that is useful. Feed per minute is the feed per revolution multiplied by RPM of the spindle. 81

Operating Conditions..

Feed
f the distance the tool advances for every rotation of workpiece (mm/rev)

D1

D2

f Feed

DEPTH OF CUT
It indicates how much the tool digs into the component (in mm) to remove material in the current pass.

 perpendicular distance between machined surface and uncut surface of the Work-piece

d = (D1 D2)/2 (mm)

D1

D2 d Depth of Cut
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Three Operating Conditions

Cutting speed Workpiece
N

Depth of cut (d) Machined surface Chip Depth of cut Tool

Chuck Feed (f )

Metal Removal Rate (MRR)

It is the volume of material removed per unit time. Volume of material removed is a function of speed, feed, & depth of cut. Higher the value of these, more will be the material removal rate. If D is the original diameter of the work-piece in mm & d is the depth of cut in mm, f represent the feed in mm/rev, then material removed per revolution is the volume of chip whose length is D and whose crosssection area is d*f. that is, Volume of material removed in one revolution = *D*d*f mm3. Since job is making N revolution per mi., then MRR in m/min. MRR = *D*d*f *N

In term of cutting speed v in m/min, MRR = 1000*v*d*f

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Machining Time
The time required to machine a component is called machining time. It depends upon the size of the work-piece, amount of material to be removed and the operating condition employed such as speed, feed, & depth of cut. Consider the speed of the job as N rpm, length of the job as Lj mm and f as feed in mm/rev. Then f*N will be the feed rate in mm/min & also the distance that tool moves in mm. hence, for distance Lj, the time required for one complete cut is t in min. t= Lj/f*N In the above equation time doesnt include set-up time and time required for tool approach and retraction. Total manufacturing time = machining time + set-up time + moving & waiting time + inspection time
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THREAD CUTTING METHOD

General Applications Of Screw Threads

The general applications of various objects having screw threads are : Fastening : screws, nut-bolts and studs having screw threads are used for temporarily fixing one part on to another part Joining : e.g., co-axial joining of rods, tubes etc. by external and internal screw threads at their ends or separate adapters Clamping : strongly holding an object by a threaded rod, e.g., in c-clamps, vices, tailstock on lathe bed etc. Controlled linear movement : e.g., travel of slides (tailstock barrel, compound slide, cross slide etc.) and work tables in milling machine, shaping machine, CNC machine tools and so on. Transmission of motion and power : e.g., lead screws of machine tools Converting rotary motion to translation : rotation of the screw causing linear travel of the nut, which have wide use in machine tool kinematic systems Position control in instruments : e.g., screws enabling precision movement of the work table in microscopes etc. Acting as worm for obtaining slow rotation of gear or worm wheel Exerting heavy force : e.g., mechanical presses Conveying and squeezing materials : e.g., in screw conveyor, injection moulding machine, screw pump etc. Controlled automatic feeding in mass production assembly etc.

Thread Terminology

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Classification Of Screw Threads

Screw threads having various applications can be classified as follows : According to location external screw thread (on bolts etc.) internal screw thread (in nuts etc.) According to configuration straight (helical) most common, e.g., bolts, studs etc. taper (helical), e.g., in drill chuck radial (scroll) as in self centering chuck According to the direction of the helix right hand (common) left hand (occasionally) According to form Vee thread (600 or 550 angle) most common Acme thread (290) Square thread (generally in power screws) Buttress thread (45o) Worm thread (290 ~ 400) Semicircular (groove section) thread being used in recirculation type bolts, screws. .

According to standard  BSW (British Standard Whitworth); thread size is designated by TPI (threads per inch) Metric thread; thread size is specified by pitch or lead (in mm) According to number of start Single start most common Multi-start (2 to 4) According to spacing of threads TPI (no. of threads per inch), e.g. 12 TPI Pitch (or lead) distance between two successive threads (or length of travel of the nut for one rotation of the screw), in mm According to compactness or fineness of threads General threads (with usually wide thread spacing), pipe threads (more densed desired) Fine threads (generally for leak proof) According to segmentation Full threads (common) Half turns as in half nuts Sector thread e.g., in the jaws of lathe chucks

Production Of Screw Threads Possible Methods And Their Characteristics.

The various methods, which are more or less widely employed for producing screw threads are:

Casting characteristics; o only a few threads over short length o less accuracy and poor finish o example threads at the mouth of glass bottles, spun cast iron pipes etc. Forming (Rolling) characteristics; o blanks of strong ductile metals like steels are rolled between threaded dies o large threads are hot rolled followed by finishing and smaller threads are straight cold rolled to desired finish o cold rolling attributes more strength and toughness to the threaded parts o widely used for mass production of fasteners like bolts, screws etc. Removal process (Machining) characteristics; o accomplished by various cutting tools in different machine tools like lathes, milling machines, drilling machines (with tapping attachment) etc. o widely used for high accuracy and finish o employed for wide ranges of threads and volume of production; from piece to mass production.

Semi-finishing and finishing (Grinding) characteristics : o usually done for finishing (accuracy and surface) after performing by machining or hot rolling but are often employed for direct threading on rods o employed for wide ranges of type and size of threads and volume of production Non conventional process (EDM, ECM etc)

Processes, Machines And Tools Used For Producing Screw Threads By;
(a) Machining (b) Rolling (c) Grinding (a) Production of screw threads by machining Machining is basically a removal process where jobs of desired size and shape are produced by gradually removing the excess material in the form of chips with the help of sharp cutting edges or tools. Screw threads can be produced by such removal process both manually using taps and dies as well as in machine tools of different types and degree of automation. In respect of process, machine and tool, machining of screw threads are done by several ways : Thread cutting by hand operated tools Usually small threads in few pieces of relatively soft ductile materials, if required, are made manually in fitting, repair or maintenance shops. External screw threads Machine screws, bolts or studs are made by different types of dies which look and apparently behave like nuts but made of hardened tool steel and having sharp internal cutting edges. Fig. shows the hand operated dies of common use, which are coaxially rotated around the pre-machined rod like blank with the help of handle or die stock.

Solid or button die : used for making threads of usually small pitch and diameter in one pass.

Spring die : the die ring is provided with a slit, the width of which is adjustable by a screw to enable elastically slight reduction in the bore and thus cut the thread in number of passes with lesser force on hands.

Split die : the die is made in two pieces, one fixed and one movable (adjustable) within the cavity of the handle or wrench to enable cut relatively larger threads or fine threads on harder blanks easily in number of passes, the die pieces can be replaced by another pair for cutting different threads within small range of variation in size and pitch.

Pipe die : pipe threads of large diameter but smaller pitch are cut by manually rotating the large wrench (stock) in which the die is fitted through a guide bush as shown in Fig.

Internal screw threads :

Internal screw threads of usually small size are cut manually, if needed, in plates, blocks, machine parts etc. by using taps which look and behave like a screw but made of tool steel or HSS and have sharp cutting edges produced by axial grooving over the threads as shown in Fig. Taps are used consecutively after drilling a tap size hole through which the taps are axially pushed helically with the help of a handle or wrench.

Threads are often tapped by manually rotating and feeding the taps through the drilled hole in the blank held in lathe spindle as shown in Fig. The quality of such external and internal threads will depend upon the perfection of the taps or dies and skill of the operator.

Machining screw threads in machine tools

Threads in large quantity and precision threads in batches or lots are produced in different machine tools mainly lathes, by various cutting tools made of HSS or often Cemented Carbide tools. Machining screw threads in lathes Screw threads in wide ranges of size, form, precision and volume are produced in lathes ranging from centre lathes to single spindle automats. Threads are also produced in special purpose lathes and CNC lathes including turning centers.

In centre lathes
o External threads : External threads are produced in centre lathes by various methods : Single point and multipoint chasing, as schematically shown in Fig. This process is slow but can provide high quality. Multipoint chasing gives more productivity.

Thread milling: This process gives quite fast production by using suitable thread milling cutters in centre lathes as indicated in Fig. The milling attachment is mounted on the saddle of the lathe. Thread milling is of two types;

 Long thread milling  Short thread milling Long thread milling Long and large diameter screws like machine lead screws are reasonably accurately made by using a large disc type form milling cutter as shown in Fig.

Short thread milling Threads of shorter length and fine pitch are machined at high production rate by using a HSS milling cutter having a number of annular threads with axial grooves cut on it for generating cutting edges. Each job requires only around 1.25 revolution of the blank and very short axial (1.25 pitch) and radial (1.5 pitch) travel of the rotating tool.

Internal threads :
Internal threads are produced in centre lathes at slow rate by using;  Single point tool  Machine taps  Internal thread milling Internal threading by single point chasing Internal threads in parts of wide ranges of diameter and pitch are accurately done in centre lathes by single point tool, as in boring, as shown in Fig. Multipoint flat chaser is often used for faster production.

Internal threading by taps Internal threads of small length and diameter are cut in drilled holes by different types of taps; Straight solid tap (Fig.(b) used for small jobs Taps with adjustable blades usually for large diameter jobs Taper or nut taps used for cutting threads in nuts.

Internal thread milling cutter Such solid cutter, shown in Fig. (c) produces internal threads very rapidly, as in external short thread milling, in lathes or special purpose thread milling machine.

Machining threads in automatic lathes Small external threads for mass production of fasteners are produced by machining in single spindle automatic lathes or similar but special purpose (threading) lathes using solid die. The die is mounted on the coaxially moving turret or sliding attachment in turret lathes and SPM respectively. In turret lathe, the solid die is returned by reversing the job rotation, and in the special purpose machine, the die is freely returned by rotating the die slightly faster than the job and in the same direction. Machining screw threads in drilling machine Drilling machines are used basically for originating cylindrical holes but are also used, if needed, for enlarging drilled holes by larger drills, counter boring, countersinking etc. Internal threads of relatively smaller diameter, length and pitch are also often produced in drilling machines by using tapping attachment with its taper shank fitted axially in the spindle bore. Fig. typically shows one such tapping attachment.