CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURING AND STORAGE

K.RATNAKARARAO 08A51A0329 Mechanical Engineering

INTRODUCTION
Co2 is a greenhouse gas occurs naturally in the atmosphere Human activities are increasing the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere

Currently 3000 Million Metric tons of co2 is emitted per year due to human activities
This increases the natural greenhouse effect and there by increases the Earths atmospheric temperature This leads to a change in earths climate

Increase in concentration of co2 in past 200 years

Increase in global temperature in past two centuries

Power plants with and with out CCS

Carbon Dioxide Capturing And Storage [CCS]

The process involves three main steps

Capturing of CO2 Transportation of CO2 Storing the CO2 under ground

The three main components of CCS

Sources of CO2 emissions suitable for Capturing and Storage

The size of the emission source, Whether it is stationary or mobile,
How near it is to potential storage sites, and How concentrated its CO2 emissions are.

Worldwide large stationary CO2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 mtco2 per year.
Process Fossil fuels Power Cement production Refineries Iron and steel industry Petrochemical industry Number of sources 4,942 1,175 638 269 470 Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1) 10,539 932 798 646 379

Oil and gas processing

Other sources

N/A
90

50
33 91 13,466

Biomass
Bioethanol bioenergy Total and 303 7,887

CO2 CAPTURE
The purpose of CO2 capture is to produce a concentrated stream of CO2 at high pressure that can readily be transported to a storage site. Currently, CO2 is typically removed to purify other industrial gas streams. Removal has been used for storage purposes in only a few cases; in most cases, the CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere . Capture processes also have been used to obtain commercially useful amounts of CO2 from flue gas streams generated by the combustion of coal or natural gas.

CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS USED IN POWER PLANTS

Post combustion system

Pre-combustion system Oxyfuel combustion system

Post-Combustion Systems

Pre-Combustion Systems

Oxyfuel Combustion Systems

This system use oxygen instead of air for combustion of the primary fuel to produce a flue gas that is mainly water vapour and CO2. This results in a flue gas with high CO2 concentrations (greater than 80% by volume).

The most common and economical method for CO2 transportation is using pipe lines. The first long-distance CO2 pipeline came into operation in the early 1970s. In the United States, over 2,500 km of pipeline transports more than 40 MtCO2 per year from natural and anthropogenic sources, and it is mainly used for EOR. In some situations or locations, transport of CO2 by ship may be economically more attractive, particularly when the CO2 has to be moved over large distances or overseas.

CO2 TRANSPORTATION

CO2 STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION)

Geological Storage

Ocean Storage Mineral Storage

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

OCEAN STORAGE

MINERAL STORAGE
Earthen Oxide Percent of Crust Carbonate Enthalpy change (kJ/mol) SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO 59.71 15.41 4.90 4.36 CaCO3 MgCO3 -179 -117

Na2O
FeO K2O Fe2O3

3.55
3.52 2.80 2.63 21.76

Na2CO3
FeCO3 K2CO3 FeCO3 All Carbonates

RISK OF LEAKAGE
Global risks

Local risks

COST OF CO2 CAPTURE AND STOREGE OPERATIONS

Natural gas combined cycle Pulverized coal Integrated gasification combined cycle

Without capture (reference plant)

0.03 - 0.05

0.04 - 0.05

0.04 - 0.06

With capture and 0.04 - 0.08 geological storage With capture and Enhanced oil recovery 0.04 - 0.07

0.06 - 0.10

0.06 - 0.09

0.05 - 0.08

0.04 - 0.08

REFERENCES
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Abatement of Methane Emissions, June1998, ISBN 1 898 373 16 7 IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, The Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry, report PH3/8, June 1999 Herzog H, Eliasson B and Kaarstad O, Capturing Greenhouse Gases, Scientific American, Feb. 2000, 54-61

www.ipcc.ch www.Greenfacts.org www.ieagreen.org.uk

THANK YOU