INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DRS. SUPRIHADI, M.Pd.

Statistic and Statistics (in bhs. Indonesia = statistik and statistika) A statistic is a summary measure computed from a sample to describe a characteristic of the population A statistic is a quantity calculated from a set of data Statistics is mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It also provides tools for prediction and forecasting based on data. Statistics is a scientific methods for COLLECTING, ORGANIZING, PRESENTING, ANALYZING data

Why a Teacher Needs to Know about Statistics

To know how to:

properly present information

draw conclusions about populations based on sample information

improve processes obtain reliable forecasts

Imagine watching a football game where no one kept score. The action itself might provide enough excitement to hold your attention for a while, but think of all the drama that would be lost if winning and losing weren't at issue.

PSSI
10 11 3 3 2 1 0

Manchester United
GOAL TENDANGAN KE GAWANG TENDANGAN MELENCENG SEPAK POJOK OFFSIDE KARTU KUNING KARTU MERAH 0 2 7 3 9 3 1

Key Terms

Statistical Data are a set of numbers representing the same kind of thing A population (universe) is the collection of all items or things under consideration

A sample is a portion of the population selected for analysis A parameter is a summary measure that describes a characteristic of the population

Population vs. Sample

Population
a b cd

Sample
b gi o r y
Measures computed from sample data are called statistics

c n u

ef gh i jk l m n o p q rs t u v w x y z

Measures used to describe the population are called parameters

Branches of Statistics
1. Based on the ACTIVITY

Descriptive or Deductive statistics

Collecting, summarizing, and describing data Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions concerning a population based only on sample data

Inferential or Inductive statistics

Branches of Statistics
2. Based on the METHOD Parametric statistics: assume data come from a type of probability distribution Non-parametric statistics: assume data come from a given probability distribution 3. Based on THE NUMBER OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES Univariate statistics: utilize only a single dependent variable Multivariate statistics: utilize more than one dependent variable

Descriptive Statistics

Collect data

e.g., Survey

Present data

e.g., Tables and graphs

Characterize data

X e.g., Sample mean =

n

Inferential Statistics

Estimation

e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120 pounds

Hypothesis testing

Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions concerning a population based on sample results.

Why We Need Data

To provide input to survey

To provide input to study To measure performance of service or production process To evaluate conformance to standards

To assist in formulating alternative courses of action

To satisfy curiosity

Data Sources
1 2

Primary
Data Collection

Secondary
Data Compilation Print or Electronic

Observation

Survey

Experimentation

Reasons for Drawing a Sample

Less time consuming than a census Less costly to administer than a census

Less cumbersome and more practical to administer than a census of the targeted population