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Organizational Processes
Leadership Communications Decision
behavior and work teams Intergroup conflict and negotiations Organizational power and politics Communication
Individual Behavior
People are different. What one person considers a golden opportunity another considers a threat.
Definition:A process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Perception
Perception is the process by which individuals make sense of their world. Individuals organize and interpret information from their environments using perceptual filters
Perception
People perceive the world uniquely Differences in perceptions can cause problems
Object Perception
Object Perception
Figure-Ground:
The figure and the background switch
Social Perception
How we gather information about the social world--about peoples behavior, moods, motives, and traits Similar to object perception, but People are more dynamic than objects Were trying to figure out intentions, motives, and causes of behavior
Attribution
Why did they do that?
internal causes
traits skills abilities
external causes
situational constraints
Unstable
Selective perception
notice stimuli which are salient due to our interests, background, experiences tendency to fill in the gaps when information is missing Assume what we dont know is consistent with what we do know
Closure
Halo Effects
Contrast Stereotyping
Primacy/Recency effects
A person has beliefs about a class of stimulus objects and generalizes those beliefs to encounters with members of that class of objects. Disproportionately high weight is given to the first/last information obtained about a stimulus
First Impressions
Influences what subsequent information we notice and how it is interpreted Fill-in information consistent with first impression Anchoring
Failure to adjust for subsequent information Seek out information & perceive stimuli in ways that confirm expectations Discount contradictory information
Confirmation Bias
Actors attribute their behavior to external causes Observer attribute actors behavior to internal cause
Self-serving bias
Supervisor:
Subordinate:
Perception Implications
Stereotypes
Be aware that stereotyping can occur with very little information, remain open to new information Recognize that stereotypes rarely apply to a specific individual
Perception Implications