Atomic Theory and Structure

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Learning Objectives
1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Discuss the historical concept of atoms State the premises of Daltons Atomic Theory Identify the three most important particles of an atom. Differentiate proton, neutron and electron Determine the atomic number and mass number of an atom Calculate the isotopic mass and isotopic abundances of different atoms

TOPIC

Evolution of the Different Atomic Theories Structure of Atom and Properties of Atom

First Slide

Last Slide

Evolution of Different Atomic Theories

The History of the Discovery of the Atom

The Greek Model of the Atom Daltons Atomic Theory Thomson Model Rutherford Model Bohr Model Modern Atomic Theory

The Greek Model of the Atom

Beginning with Democritus, who lived during the late 5th and early 4th centuries BC, Greek philosophers developed a theory of matter that was not based on experimental evidence, but on their attempts to understand the universe in philosophical terms.

The Greek Model of the Atom

According to this theory, all matter was composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms (from the Greek word atomos, meaning indivisible).

The Greek Model of the Atom According to the ancient Greeks, atoms were all made of the same basic material, but atoms of different elements had different sizes and shapes

The Greek Model of the Atom The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of a materials atoms determined the materials properties.

The Greek Model of the Atom Other than the atoms, matter was empty space. Atoms and empty space were believed to be the ultimate reality.

Daltons Atomic Theory

Late 1700s - John DaltonEngland Teacher- summarized results of his experiments and those of others. Daltons Atomic Theory Combined ideas of elements with that of atoms.

Daltons Atomic Theory

All matter is made of tiny

indivisible particles called atoms.

Atoms of the same element are

identical, those of different atoms are different.

Daltons Atomic Theory

Atoms of different elements

combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.

Chemical reactions involve the

rearrangement of atoms. No new atoms are created or destroyed.

Just How Small an Atom

Think of cutting a piece of lead into smaller and smaller pieces How far can it be cut? An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element Atoms-very small still observable with proper instruments

Thomson Model

J. J. Thomson - English physicist. 1897 Made a piece of equipment called a cathode ray tube. It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been pumped out.

J.Js Atomic Model

-electrons distributed randomly in a diffuse positive cloud. -plum pudding model: raisins dispersed in pudding.

Plum Pudding model

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Vacuum tube Metal Disks

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source +

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source +

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source +

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment

Voltage source
+

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment Voltage source

By adding an electric field he found that the moving pieces were negative (electron)

Other Particles

Proton - positively charged pieces 1840 times heavier than the electron by E. Goldstein Neutron - no charge but the same mass as a proton by J. Chadwick

Rutherford Model

Ernest Rutherford -English physicist. (1910) Believed in the plum pudding model of the atom Wanted to see how big they are.

Rutherfords Experiment

Used radioactivity. Alpha particles - positively charged pieces- helium atoms minus electrons Shot them at gold foil which can be made a few atoms thick. When an alpha particle hits a fluorescent screen, it glows. Heres what it looked like

Rutherfords Experiment

Lead block

Uranium

Fluorescent Screen

Gold Foil

Rutherfords Experiment

What he expected??

The alpha particles to pass through without changing direction very much.

Rutherfords Experiment

Because the positive charges were thought to be spread out evenly. Alone they were not enough to stop the alpha particles.

Rutherfords Experiment
What he expected..

Rutherfords Experiment

Because

Rutherfords Experiment

He thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom

Rutherfords Experiment
Since he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom

Rutherfords Experiment

What he got

Rutherfords Experiment

How he explained it!

Atom is mostly empty. Small dense, positive piece at center. Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough.

Rutherfords Experiment

Rutherfords Experiment

Since most of the particles went through, it was mostly empty space. Because the pieces turned so much, the positive pieces were heavy. Small volume, big mass, big density. This small dense positive area is the nucleus.

Bohr Model

Bohr Model

Line-Emission Spectrum

excited state
ENERGY IN PHOTON OUT

ground state

Bohr Model

e- exist only in orbits with specific amounts of energy called energy levels Therefore

e- can only gain or lose certain amounts of energy only certain photons are produced

Bohrs Model

65

3 2 1

Energy of photon depends on the difference in energy levels Bohrs calculated energies matched the IR, visible, and UV lines for the H atom

Other Elements

Each element has a unique bright-line emission spectrum.

Atomic Fingerprint

Helium Bohrs calculations only worked for hydrogen!

Modern Atomic Theory

ATOM NUCLEUS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRON (-) CHARGE

(+) CHARGE LEPTONS QUARKS

NEUTRAL BOSONS

Most of the Atoms MassEqual in a neutral atom Atomic number equals the number of.

Subatomic Particles

Quarks

component of protons & neutrons 6 types

3 quarks = 1 proton or 1 neutron

He

Quarks

Neutrons and protons are made up of up quarks and down quarkstwo of the six different kinds of quarks. Quarks are unique among all elementary particles in that they have electric charges that are fractions of the fundamental charge.

Quarks

All other particles have electric charges of zero or of whole multiples of the fundamental charge. Up quarks have electric charges of +2/3. Down quarks have charges of -1/3. A proton is made up of two up quarks and a down quark, so its electric charge is 2/3 + 2/3 1/3, for a total charge of +1.

Quarks

A neutron is made up of an up quark and two down quarks, so its electric charge is 2/3 1/3 1/3, for a net charge of zero. Physicists believe that quarks are true fundamental particles, so they have no internal structure and cannot be split into something smaller.

Quarks

Physicists believe that quarks are true fundamental particles, so they have no internal structure and cannot be split into something smaller.

Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2003. 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Summary of the Model of the Evolution of Atom

Structure and Properties of Atoms

Structure and Properties of Atoms

Properties of subatomic particles Structure of atoms Counting the pieces Isotopes

LAST SLIDE

Structure of Atoms

Electrons

Negatively charge Moving around the nucleus

Nucleus

Protons positively charge Neutrons neutral

Properties of Subatomic Particles

Name Symbol Charge Relative mass Actual mass (g)

Electron

e-

-1

1/1840

9.11 x 10-28

Proton

p+

+1

1.67 x 10-24

Neutron

n0

1.67 x 10-24

Counting the Pieces

Atomic Number

number of protons in the nucleus number of protons determines kind of atom (since all protons are alike!) the same as the number of electrons in the neutral atom.

Mass Number

the number of protons + neutrons. These account for most of mass

Number of Electrons

An atom is neutral The net charge is zero Number of protons = Number of electrons Atomic number = Number of electrons

Atomic Symbols
Contain the symbol of the element, the mass number and the atomic number.

Mass Number Atomic Number

Atomic Symbols

Show the mass number and atomic number

Give the symbol of the element

mass number
23

Na

sodium-23

atomic number

11

Atomic Number on the Periodic Table

Atomic Number

Symbol

11 Na

All atoms of an element have the same number of protons

11 protons

11

Sodium

Na

Subatomic Particles in Some Atoms

16
8

31
15

Zn

65
30

8 p+ 8n 8 e-

15 p+ 16 n 15 e-

30 p+ 35 n 30 e-

Learning Check?

YES

NO

SKIP

Learning Check
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur 1) 32 protons C. Barium 1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons

Solution
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 2) 7 protons B. Sulfur 2) 16 protons
C. Barium 3) 56 protons

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons, but

different numbers of neutrons.

Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) with different mass numbers Isotopes of chlorine
35Cl 17 37Cl 17

chlorine - 35

chlorine - 37

Isotopes

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

Relative Atomic Mass

12

C atom = 1.992 10-23 g = 1/12 the mass of a

= 1.007276 amu = 1.008665 amu = 0.0005486 amu
12C

atomic mass unit (amu)

1 amu atom 1p 1n 1 e-

Average Atomic Mass

weighted average of all isotopes on the Periodic Table round to 2 decimal places
Avg. Atomic Mass

(mass)(%) (mass)(%) 100

Atomic Mass of Magnesium

Isotopes
24Mg 25Mg 26Mg

Mass of Isotope
= = 24.0 amu 25.0 amu

Abundance
78.70% 10.13%

26.0 amu

11.17%

Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu

Mg 24.3

Learning Check Calculate the avg. atomic mass of oxygen if its abundance in nature is 99.76% 16O, 0.04% 17O, and 0.20% 18O.

Solution

Avg. Atomic Mass

(16)(99.76 (17)(0.04) (18)(0.20) ) 100

16.00 amu

Learning Check Find chlorines average atomic mass if approximately 8 of every 10 atoms are chlorine-35 and 2 are chlorine-37.

Solution

Avg. (35)(80) (37)(20) 35.40 amu Atomic 100 Mass

Learning Check
Gallium is a metallic element found in small lasers used in compact disc players. In a sample of gallium, there is 60.2% of gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and 39.8% of gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms. What is the atomic mass of gallium?

Solution

Avg. Atomic Mass

(68.9)(60.2) (70.9)(39.8) 100

69.7 amu

Atomic Mass

Na 22.99

Listed on the periodic table Gives the mass of average atom of each element compared to
12C

Average atom based on all the isotopes and their abundance % Atomic mass is not a whole number

Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all

the atomic masses of the isotopes of that atom.

Atomic Mass on Periodic Table

Atomic Number

11

Symbol

Atomic Mass

Na 22.99

Learning Check
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium B. aluminum C. lead D. barium E. iron __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Solution
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place): A. calcium _40.1 amu _

B. aluminum
C. lead D. barium

_27.0 amu _
_207.2 amu_ _137.3 amu_

E. iron

_55.8 amu__

Finding an Isotopic Mass

A sample of boron consists of 10B (mass 10.0 amu) and 11B (mass 11.0 amu). If the average atomic mass of B is 10.8 amu, what is the % abundance of each boron isotope?

Finding an Isotopic Mass

Assign X and Y values: X = % 10B Y = % 11B Determine Y in terms of X X + Y = 100 Y = 100 - X

Solve for X: X (10.0) 100

+ (100 - X )(11.0) 100

10.8

Multiply through by 100 10.0 X + 1100 - 11.0X =

1080

Finding an Isotopic Mass

Collect X terms 10.0 X - 11.0 X - 1.0 X X = = = 1080 - 1100 -20 20 % 10B

-20 = - 1.0 Y = 100 - X % 11B = 100 - 20%

80% 11B

Learning Check
Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9 amu) and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the % abundance of each isotope? (Hint: Check periodic table for atomic mass)
1) 30% 2) 70% 3) 100%

Solution

2) 70%

Solution 62.9X + 6490 = 64.9X = 6350 -2.0 X = -140 X = 70%

Thanks for listening

Stand by for the next topic