Numerical Bases Used in Programming

Hexadecimal Binary BCD

Hexadecimal Basis
Hexadecimal Digits: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F A=10 B=11 C=12 D=13 E=14 F=15

Decimal, Binary, BCD, & Hexadecimal Numbers

(43)10= (0100 0011)BCD= ( 0010 1011 )2 = ( 2 B )16

Registers
SP
A B R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Some 8-bitt Registers of the 8051 Some 8051 16-bit Register PC PC DPTR DPH DPL

Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051 family
4k
0000H 0000H

8k

0FFFH

8751 AT89C51

1FFFH 8752 AT89C52

 RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH Scratch pad RAM

30H 2FH Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H 17H 10H 0FH 08H 07H 00H Register Bank 2 (Stack) Register Bank 1 Register Bank 3

Register Bank 0

Addressing Modes
Register Direct Register Indirect Immediate Relative Absolute Long Indexed

Register Addressing Mode

MOV Rn, A ;n=0,..,7 ADD A, Rn MOV DPL, R6 MOV DPTR, A MOV Rm, Rn

Direct Addressing Mode

Although the entire of 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed using direct addressing mode, it is most often used to access RAM loc. 30 7FH. MOV R0, 40H MOV 56H, A MOV A, 4 MOV 6, 2

; MOV A, R4 ; copy R2 to R6 ; MOV R6,R2 is invalid !

Register Indirect Addressing Mode

In this mode, register is used as a pointer to the data. MOV A,@Ri ; move content of RAM loc. where address is held by Ri into A ( i=0 or 1 ) MOV @R1,B

In other word, the content of register R0 or R1 is sources or target in MOV, ADD and SUBB insructions.

Immediate Addressing Mode

MOV A,#65H MOV R6,#65H MOV DPTR,#2343H MOV P1,#65H

Relative, Absolute, & Long Addressing

Used only with jump and call instructions: SJMP ACALL,AJMP LCALL,LJMP

Indexed Addressing Mode

This mode is widely used in accessing data elements of look-up table entries located in the program (code) space ROM at the 8051 A,@A+DPTR (A,@A+PC) A= content of address A +DPTR from ROM Note: Because the data elements are stored in the program (code ) space ROM of the 8051, it uses the instruction MOVC instead of MOV. The C means code. MOVC

Some Simple Instructions

MOV dest,source
MOV A,#72H MOV R4,#62H MOV B,0F9H MOV DPTR,#7634H MOV DPL,#34H MOV DPH,#76H MOV P1,A ;mov A to port 1

; dest = source
;A=72H ;R4=62H ;B=the content of F9th byte of RAM

Note 1:
MOV A,#72H MOV A,72H After instruction MOV A,72H the content of 72th byte of RAM will replace in Accumulator.

Note 2:
MOV A,R3 MOV A,3

ADDA, Source
ADDA,#6 ADDA,R6 ADD ADD A,6 A,0F3H ;A=A+6

;A=A+SOURCE

;A=A+R6 ;A=A+[6] or A=A+R6 ;A=A+[0F3H]

SUBB
SUBB SUBB

A, Source
A,#6 A,R6 ;A=A-6

;A=A-SOURCE-C

;A=A+R6

MUL & DIV

MUL MOV MOV MUL AB ;B|A = A*B A,#25H B,#65H AB ;25H*65H=0E99 ;B=0EH, A=99H AB ;A = A/B, B = A mod B A,#25 B,#10 AB ;A=2, B=5

DIV MOV MOV DIV

SETB bit CLR bit

SETB SETB SETB SETB SETB
Note:

; bit=1 ; bit=0
; CY=1 ;bit 0 from port 0 =1 ;bit 7 from port 3 =1 ;bit 2 from ACCUMULATOR =1 ;set high D5 of RAM loc. 20h

C P0.0 P3.7 ACC.2 05

CLR instruction is as same as SETB i.e.: CLR C ;CY=0 But following instruction is only for CLR: CLR A ;A=0

DEC INC
INC DEC DEC

byte byte
R7 A 40H

;byte=byte-1 ;byte=byte+1

; [40]=[40]-1

RR RL RRC RLC A EXAMPLE: RR A RR: RRC: RL: RLC:

C C

ANL - ORL XRL Bitwise Logical Operations: AND, OR, XOR

EXAMPLE: MOV R5,#89H ANL R5,#08H

CPL

;1s complement
A,#55H ;A=01010101 B A P1,A DELAY L01

Example: MOV L01: CPL MOV ACALL SJMP

Stack in the 8051

The register used to access the stack is called SP (stack pointer) register. The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits wide, which means that it can take value 00 to FFH. When 8051 powered up, the SP register contains value 07.
7FH Scratch pad RAM 30H 2FH Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H 17H 10H 0FH 08H 07H 00H

Register Bank 3 Register Bank 2 (Stack) Register Bank 1 Register Bank 0

Example: MOV MOV MOV PUSH PUSH PUSH R6,#25H R1,#12H R4,#0F3H 6 1 4

0BH 0AH 09H 08H Start SP=07H

0BH 0AH 09H 08H 25

0BH 0AH 09H 08H 12 25

0BH 0AH 09H 08H F3 12 25

SP=08H

SP=09H

SP=08H

LOOP and JUMP Instructions

Conditional Jumps :
JZ JNZ DJNZ CJNE A,byte CJNE reg,#data JC JNC JB JNB JBC Jump if A=0 Jump if A/=0 Decrement and jump if A/=0 Jump if A/=byte Jump if byte/=#data Jump if CY=1 Jump if CY=0 Jump if bit=1 Jump if bit=0 Jump if bit=1 and clear bit

DJNZ:
Write a program to clear ACC, then add 3 to the accumulator ten time Solution: MOV MOV ADD DJNZ MOV A,#0 R2,#10 A,#03 R2,AGAIN ;repeat until R2=0 (10 times) R5,A

AGAIN:

LJMP(long jump) LJMP is an unconditional jump. It is a 3-byte instruction. It allows a jump to any memory location from 0000 to FFFFH. AJMP(absolute jump) In this 2-byte instruction, It allows a jump to any memory location within the 2k block of program memory. SJMP(short jump) In this 2-byte instruction. The relative address range of 00FFH is divided into forward and backward jumps, that is , within -128 to +127 bytes of memory relative to the address of the current PC.

CALL Instructions
Another control transfer instruction is the CALL instruction, which is used to call a subroutine.

LCALL(long call) This 3-byte instruction can be used to call subroutines located anywhere within the 64K byte address space of the 8051. ACALL (absolute call) ACALL is 2-byte instruction. the target address of the subroutine must be within 2K byte range.

Example: Write a program to copy a block of 10 bytes from RAM location starting at 37h to RAM location starting at 59h. Solution: MOV R0,#37h MOV R1,#59h MOV R2,#10 L1: MOV A,@R0 MOV @R1,A INC R0 INC R1 DJNZ R2,L1

; source pointer ; dest pointer ; counter

Decimal Addition
156 + 248
. . + = 100's 1 2 4 10's 5 4 0 1's 6 8 4

16 Bit Addition
1A44 + 22DB = 3D1F
. . + = 1 2 3 256's A 2 D 16s 4 D 1 1's 4 B F

Performing the Addition with 8051

. . + = R1 65536's 256's R6 R4 R2 1's R7 R5 R3

1.Add the low bytes R7 and R5, leave the answer in R3. 2.Add the high bytes R6 and R4, adding any carry from step 1, and leave the answer in R2. 3.Put any carry from step 2 in the final byte, R1.

Steps 1, 2, 3
MOV A,R7 ;Move the low-byte into the accumulator ADD A,R5 ;Add the second low-byte to the accumulator MOV R3,A ;Move the answer to the low-byte of the result

MOV A,R6 ;Move the high-byte into the accumulator ADDC A,R4 ;Add the second high-byte to the accumulator, plus carry. MOV R2,A ;Move the answer to the high-byte of the result MOV A,#00h ;By default, the highest byte will be zero. ADDC A,#00h ;Add zero, plus carry from step 2. MOV R1,A ;Move the answer to the highest byte of the result

The Whole Program

;Load the first value into R6 and R7 MOV R6,#1Ah MOV R7,#44h ;Load the first value into R4 and R5 MOV R4,#22h MOV R5,#0DBh ;Call the 16-bit addition routine LCALL ADD16_16 ADD16_16: ;Step 1 of the process MOV A,R7 ;Move the low-byte into the accumulator ADD A,R5 ;Add the second low-byte to the accumulator MOV R3,A ;Move the answer to the low-byte of the result ;Step 2 of the process MOV A,R6 ;Move the high-byte into the accumulator ADDC A,R4 ;Add the second high-byte to the accumulator, plus carry. MOV R2,A ;Move the answer to the high-byte of the result ;Step 3 of the process MOV A,#00h ;By default, the highest byte will be zero. ADDC A,#00h ;Add zero, plus carry from step 2. MOV MOV R1,A ;Move the answer to the highest byte of the result ;Return - answer now resides in R1, R2, and R3. RET

Timer & Port Operations

Example: Write a program using Timer0 to create a 10khz square wave on P1.0

LOOP:

MOV TMOD,#02H MOV TH0,#-50 SETB TR0 JNB TF0, LOOP CLR TF0 CPL P1.0 SJMP LOOP END

;8-bit auto-reload mode ;-50 reload value in TH0 ;start timer0 ;wait for overflow ;clear timer0 overflow flag ;toggle port bit ;repeat

Interrupts
1. Enabling and Disabling Interrupts 2. Interrupt Priority 3. Writing the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine)

Interrupt Enable (IE) Register :

EA : Global enable/disable. --: Undefined. ET2 :Enable Timer 2 interrupt. ES :Enable Serial port interrupt. ET1 :Enable Timer 1 interrupt. EX1 :Enable External 1 interrupt. ET0 : Enable Timer 0 interrupt. EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.

Interrupt Vectors
Interrupt
System Reset External 0 Timer 0 External 1 Timer 1 Serial Port Timer 2

Vector Address
0000H 0003H 000BH 0013H 001BH 0023H 002BH

Writing the ISR

Example: Writing the ISR for Timer0 interrupt ORG 0000H ;reset LJMP MAIN ORG 000BH ;Timer0 entry point . ;Timer0 ISR begins . RETI ;return to main program . ;main program . . END

T0ISR:

MAIN:

Structure of Assembly language and Running an 8051 program

EDITOR PROGRAM Myfile.asm ASSEMBLER PROGRAM Myfile.lst Myfile.obj LINKER PROGRAM Other obj file

OH PROGRAM Myfile.hex

Examples of Our Program Instructions

MOV C,P1.4 JC LINE1

SETB P1.0 CLR P1.2

8051 Instruction Set

ACALL: Absolute Call ADD, ADDC: Add Acc. (With Carry) AJMP: Absolute Jump ANL: Bitwise AND CJNE: Compare & Jump if Not Equal CLR: Clear Register CPL: Complement Register DA: Decimal Adjust DEC: Decrement Register DIV: Divide Accumulator by B DJNZ: Dec. Reg. & Jump if Not Zero INC: Increment Register JB: Jump if Bit Set JBC: Jump if Bit Set and Clear Bit JC: Jump if Carry Set JMP: Jump to Address JNB: Jump if Bit Not Set JNC: Jump if Carry Not Set JNZ: Jump if Acc. Not Zero JZ: Jump if Accumulator Zero LCALL: Long Call LJMP: Long Jump MOV: Move Memory MOVC: Move Code Memory MOVX: Move Extended Memory MUL: Multiply Accumulator by B NOP: No Operation ORL: Bitwise OR POP: Pop Value From Stack PUSH: Push Value Onto Stack RET: Return From Subroutine RETI: Return From Interrupt RL: Rotate Accumulator Left RLC: Rotate Acc. Left Through Carry RR: Rotate Accumulator Right RRC: Rotate Acc. Right Through Carry SETB: Set Bit SJMP: Short Jump SUBB: Sub. From Acc. With Borrow SWAP: Swap Accumulator Nibbles XCH: Exchange Bytes XCHD: Exchange Digits XRL: Bitwise Exclusive OR Undefined: Undefined Instruction