Vibration

Presented by Anubhab Pal 11AG61R09

Physics behind vibration

Vibration occurs when a body oscillates repeatedly around an equilibrium position

 On crossing the neutral point w > Fs deceleration starts When velocity = 0, w > Fs Accelerates Reaches equilibrium position, but due to velocity, crosses the equilibrium position and moves downwards Process continues until external force acts to change its motion

 The quantity xm, called the amplitude of the motion The cosine function varies between 1 The time-varying quantity (t + ) is called the phase of the motion

 The constant is called the phase angle The value of depends on the displacement and velocity of the particle at time t = 0.

The constant , called the angular frequency of the motion

 Damped vibration
External forces that oppose the motion of the vibrating body Damping reduces the amplitude of the vibration As the vane moves up and down, the liquid exerts an force on it. With time, the mechanical energy of the blockspring system decreases.

Measurement of vibration
Measurement of displacement or velocity or acceleration can be done

Ergonomical aspect
Types of vibration
Whole body vibration Hand arm vibration

Standards
Whole body ISO 2631:1997 Hand arm ISO 5349:2001

Whole body vibration (WBV)

Enters the body via a number of routes and can affect organs which are not adjacent to the point of entry to the body. Entry points
The feet The buttocks The back The back of the head

 ISO guidelines relating magnitude to comfort for passengers on public transport

< 0.315 m/s2 0.315-0.63 m/s2 0.5-1 m/s2 0.8-1.6 m/s2 1.25-2.5 m/s2 >2 m/s2 not uncomfortable a little uncomfortable fairly uncomfortable uncomfortable very uncomfortable extremely uncomfortable

 Health effects
Whole body vibration has been linked with the following effects on human beings
Discomfort Interference with vision Interference with fine motor tasks Spinal injuries Damage to the digestive system

 ISO 2631:1997
Part 1 Deals with direct health effects Part 2 Deals with vibration transmitted through buildings and is more concerned with nuisance vibrations Part 4 Deals with the effects of vibration on train passengers and crews

 Standards for appropriate exposure to WBV

Reduced comfort boundary
Limit beyond which the operator feels uncomfortable

Fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary (FDPB)

Reduction of proficiency of work due to fatigue

Exposure limit
Limit beyond which the health and safety of the operator gets affected

Fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary (FDPB) For Z axis

Fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary (FDPB) For X and Y axis

 Axis system
Three axes are measured, based on the orientation of the human body The x-axis is in the back-to-front direction The y-axis is from sideto-side The z-axis is from feet to head

 Frequency weighing
Six frequency weighing to be used in different circumstances
Wc, Wd, We, Wf, Wj, Wk Two are mostly used (Wd X and Y axis, Wk Z axis)

 Measurement of WBV
Equipment
Tri-axial seat accelerometer

Hand Arm Vibration(HAV)

Hand-arm vibration is the transfer of vibration from a tool or work place to a workers hands and arms Hand-arm vibration may lead to circulatory disturbances, sensory and motor disturbances and musculoskeletal disturbances (Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome or HAVS)

 ISO 5349:2001
Part 1 Deals with general requirements for measurement of hand arm vibration Part 2 Deals with guidance for measurement at the workplace

 Axis system
The origin of the coordinate system is the head of the third metacarpal The Zh-axis is defined as the longitudinal axis of the third metacarpal bone and is oriented positively towards the distal end of the finger. The Xh-axis passes through the origin, is perpendicular to the Zh-axis, and is positive in the forward direction when the palm is facing forward. The Yh-axis is perpendicular to the other two axes and is positive in the direction towards the thumb.

For hand-grip position

For flat palm condition

 Frequency weighing

 Methods for reducing vibration

Reduction of the the transmission of vibration to the worker by,
Improving vehicle suspension Altering the position of the seat within the vehicle Mounting equipment on springs or compression pads Use materials that generate less vibration

Decreasing the amount of vibration to which the worker is exposed by,

Reducing the speed of travel Minimizing the exposure period by alternating Increasing rest/recovery time between exposures

 Where feasible, reducing or isolating workers from the vibration source by,
Providing a spring or cushion as a vibration isolator in seated tasks. Providing a rubber or vinyl floor mat for workers doing standing tasks. Minimizing the undulations of the surface over which the vehicle must travel.

 References
Managing Noise and Vibration at Work A practical guide to assessment, measurement and control Tim South, 1st Edition, Elsevier, 2004 Fitting The Task to the Man A Textbook of occupational Ergonomics Etienne Grandjean, 4th Edition, Taylor & Francis, 1988 Human Factors in Engineering and Design Mark S. Sanders, Ernest J. McCormick, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill International, 1987

 Off-road Vehicle Engineering Principles Carroll E. Goering, Marvin L. Stone, David W. Smith, Paul K. Turnquist, 1st Edition, ASAE, 2003 Halliday & Resnick Fundamentals of Physics Jearl Walker, 9th Edition, John Willey & Sons, 2011 Measurement and Instrumentation Principles Alan S. Morris, 1st Edition, ButterworthHeinemann, 2001

Thank You