Solid waste management

Process techniques
process techniques are used in solid waste management systems to improve the efficiency of solid waste disposal systems, to recover resources, to prepare materials for the recovery of conversion products and energy.

Process techniques
Types: Mechanical volume reduction: vehicles equipped with compaction mechanisms are used for the collection of most municipal solid waste. to increase the useful life of landfills, wastes are compacted. Thermal volume reduction: The volume of solid waste can be reduced by 90% by incineration. However with more restrictive air pollution control requirements necessary. Manual component separation: manual sorting at the source of generation is the most positive way to achieve the recovery and reuse of materials.

DISPOSAL
Landfilling:Important aspects in the implementation of sanitary landfills include, site selection, land filling method and operations,occurence of gases and leachate in landfills, movement and control of landfill gases and leachate. Site selection: The following factor are considerlike Available land area, haul distance, soil conditions and topography, surface water hydrology, geologic conditions, local environmental conditions,utimate use of site. .

 Land filling methods: Area method: filling operation is started by building an earthen levee against which wastes are placed in thin layers and compacted. each layer is compacted as the filling progresses until the thickness of the compacted wastes reaches a height varying from 2 to 3m.150300mm layer cover material is placed over the compacted layer until the reach the final design height. Trench method: adequate depth of cover material is available at the site and where the water table is well below the surface. a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and cover the bottom with nondegradeable material not allow the water and finally after filling the wastes the same procedure was done.

 Occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills: due to biological decay of organic materials either by aerobically or an aerobically, chemical oxidation of waste materials, escape of gases from the fill, movement of liquids caused by differential heads, dissolving and leaching of organic and inorganic materials by water and leachate through the fill, movement of dissolved material by concentration gradients and osmosis. Landfarming:is a waste-disposal method in which the biological chemical and physical processes that occur in the surface of the soil are used to treat biodegradable.Ex: petroleum wastes and oily sludges. Deep-well injection: disposal of liquid solid wastes involves injecting the wastes deep in the ground into permeable rock formations like lime stone or underground caverns.

Recovery
Mechanical size alteration: to produce uniform and considerably reduced in size in comparison with its original form. Mechanical component separation: important operation in the recovery of resources from solid wastes and where energy and conversion products are to be recovered from processed wastes. Magnetic and electromechanical separation: Magnetic separation of ferrous materials in solid wastes used in industries.electromechanical separation have been used for non ferrous material. Drying and dewatering: Predried using incineration to decrease height.

 Recovery of biological conversion products: In solid wastes, compost, methane, various proteins and alcohols, and variety of other intermediate organic compounds was produced. composing (aerobic conversion):organic materials excluding plastics, rubber, leather are separated from municipal solid wastes are subjected to bacterial decomposition. Anaerobic digestion: Anaerobic fermentation-methane production. Recovery of thermal conversion products: Combustion of waste materials: solid waste materials are combusted the gaseous end products like CO,HO,N,SO. Incineration with heat recovery: heat contained in the gases produced from the incineration of solid wastes can be recover by conversion of steam. Existing mass-fired incinerators: heat extract from the combustion gases without introducing excess amount of air or moisture.