Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Maheneder Kumar
The figures in this presentation are taken from Bruce Wilsons Design Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
Designer: tight tolerance is better (less vibration, less wear, less noise) Machinist: large tolerances is better (easier to machine, faster to produce, easier to assemble)
The type of fit between mating features Designer needs to specify: basic diameter and the tolerance of shaft: Ss/2 basic diameter and the tolerance of hole: Hh/2 Allowance: a = Dhmin Dsmax.
Classes of Fit
The limits to sizes for various types of fit of mating parts are defined by the standard ANSI B4.1 There are five basic classes of fit: 1. Running and sliding clearance (RC)--there are type of RC fits, RC1-RC9; 2. Location clearance (LC)--there are eleven types of LC fits; 3. Location transition (LT)--there are six types of LT fits; 4. Location interference (LN)--there are three LN fits; 5. Force fits (FN)--there are five FN fits.
unilateral bilateral
0.95
+ 0.10 - 0.00
1.05
+ 0.00 - 0.10
1.00 + 0.05 -
We will focus on three basic types of dimensional tolerances: 1. 2. 3. Form tolerances: straightness, circularity, flatness, cylindricity; Orientation tolerances; perpendicularity, parallelism, angularity; and Position tolerances: position, symmetry, concentricity.
DIMENSIONING
Requirements 1. Unambiguous 2. Completeness 3. No redundancy
0.83 ' 0.95 ' 3.03 ' 1.22 '
Incomplete dimensioning
1.72 '
Redundant dimensioning
0.86 '
1.22 '
Adequate dimensioning
TOLERANCING
0.80 '
1.20 '
0.01
What is the expected dimension and tolerances? d = 0.80 +1.00 + 1.20 = 3.00 t = (0.01 + 0.01 + 0.01) = 0.03
x
0.80 ' 0.01
?
3.00 ' 0.01
1.20 '
0.01
Maximum x length = 3.01 - 0.79 - 1.19 = 1.03 Minimum x length = 2.99 - 0.81 - 1.21 = 0.97 Therefore x = 1.00 0.03
Order of Precedence
The part is aligned with the datum planes of a reference frame using 3-2-1 contact alignment. 3 points of contact align the part to the primary datum plane; 2 points of contact align the part to the secondary datum plane; 1 point of contact aligns the part with the tertiary datum plane
Straightness of a shaft
Straightness of a Shaft
A shaft has a size tolerance defined for its fit into a hole. A shaft meets this tolerance if at every point along its length a diameter measurement fall within the specified values. This allows the shaft to be bent into any shape. A straightness tolerance on the shaft axis specifies the amount of bend allowed.
Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum shaft size (MMC) to obtain a virtual condition Vc, or virtual hole, that the shaft must fit to be acceptable.
Straightness of a Hole
The size tolerance for a hole defines the range of sizes of its diameter at each point along the centerline. This does not eliminate a curve to the hole. The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the hole. Subtract the straightness tolerance from the smallest hole size (MMC) to define the virtual condition Vc, or virtual shaft, that must fit the hole for it to be acceptable.
Flatness
Tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes.
0.0 01
1.000 '
0.002
p ar al le l p lanes 0.0 01
Flatness
The flatness tolerance defines a distance between parallel planes that must contain the highest and lowest points on a face. The circularity tolerance defines a pair of concentric circles that must contain the maximum and minimum radius points of a circle. The cylindricity tolerance defines a pair of concentric cylinders that much contain the maximum and minimum radius points along a cylinder.
Circularity (Roundness)
Rotate in a V
0.01
Parallelism
Parallelism Tolerance
A parallelism tolerance is measured relative to a datum specified in the control frame. If there is no material condition (ie. regardless of feature size), then the tolerance defines parallel planes that must contain the maximum and minimum points on the face. If MMC is specified for the tolerance value: If it is an external feature, then the tolerance is added to the maximum dimension to define a virtual condition that the part must fit; If it is an internal feature, then the tolerance is subtracted to define the maximum dimension that must fit into the part.
Perpendicularity
A perpendicular tolerance is measured relative to a datum plane. It defines two planes that must contain all the points of the face. A second datum can be used to locate where the measurements are taken.
Shaft: The maximum shaft size plus the tolerance defines the virtual hole. Hole: The minimum hole size minus the tolerance defines the virtual shaft. Plane: The tolerance defines the variation of the location of the center plane.
Angularity
An angularity tolerance is measured relative to a datum plane. It defines a pair planes that must 1. contain all the points on the angled face of the part, or 2. if specified, the plane tangent to the high points of the face.
XX
YY
This cylinder (the right cylinder) must be concentric within .007 with the Datum A (the left cylinder) as measured on the diameter
What It Means
TRUE POSITION
Dimensional tolerance
1 .0 0 0 .0 1
1 .2 0 0 .0 1
O .8 0 0 .0 2 O 0 .0 1 M A B
B A 1.2 0
The first line defines the position tolerance zone for the holes. The second line defines the tolerance zone for the pattern, which is generally smaller.
SURFACE FINISH
waviness roughness
roughness widt h
waviness
widt h
PROFILE
A uniform boundary along the true profile within whcih the elements of the surface must lie.
0 .0 0 5 A B
0.0 01
A composite tolerance used to control the functional relationship of one or more features of a part to a datum axis. Circular runout controls the circular elements of a surface. As the part rotates 360 about the datum axis, the error must be within the tolerance limit.
A 1.500 " 0.005 0 .0 0 5 A 0.361 " 0.002
RUNOUT
Dat um ax is
TOTAL RUNOUT
A 1.500 " 0.005 0.0 0 5 A 0.361 " 0.002
Dat um ax is
Deviat ion on t he t ot al swept when t he part is rot at ing is less t han t he t olerance.
Runout
MMC
No material condition modifier means the tolerance is regardless of feature size. Use RFS for holes used in interference or press fits.
MMC HOLE
LMC hole MMC hole hole axis t olerance zone
Given the same peg (MMC peg), when the produced hole size is greater than the MMC hole, the hole axis true position tolerance zone can be enlarged by the amount of difference between the produced hole size and the MMC hole size.
Produced
1 .0 0
True Pos tol M L 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
B A
MMC
For M
the allowable tolerance = specified tolerance + (produced hole size - MMC hole size)