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Experiment 4
Formula of a Hydrate
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Goal
To determine the percent water and the formula of a
hydrated salt.
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Background
Some compounds have water molecules in their
structure when they form a solid
These substances are called hydrates.
The amount of water present is in a definite mole ratio of
water to compound.

Valdosta State University
Background
Some compounds have water molecules in their
structure when they form a solid
These substances are called hydrates.
The amount of water present is in a definite mole ratio of
water to compound.
The water can be removed by heating the substance
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2
2 4 2 4
g O H s CaSO s O H CaSO +
A
Valdosta State University
Background
Some compounds have water molecules in their
structure when they form a solid
These substances are called hydrates.
The amount of water present is in a definite mole ratio of
water to compound.
The water can be removed by heating the substance


The compound without the water is said to be anhydrous.
Since there is a definite ratio of water to substance,
stoichiometric rules apply.
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2
2 4 2 4
g O H s CaSO s O H CaSO +
A
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The Experiment
Clean crucible (rinse with water)
Bring crucible to constant weight
Heat Cool Weigh Heat Cool Weigh
Weigh out sample
Heat the sample to remove water
Bring crucible and sample to constant weight
Heat Cool Weigh Heat Cool Weigh
Remember, since you have two crucibles, while one
sample is cooling, the other can be heated. Be sure that
the two crucibles are different enough so one call tell the
difference between the two crucibles.
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Technique Crucible Cleaning
1. Wash and then rinse the crucible with distilled water
(the water from the plastic faucet).
2. Dry the crucible by heating it with a Bunsen burner
until the bottom of the crucible glows red.
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Technique Crucible Cleaning
1. Wash and then rinse the crucible with distilled water
(the water from the plastic faucet).
2. Dry the crucible by heating it with a Bunsen burner
until the bottom of the crucible glows red.
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Technique Crucible Cleaning
1. Wash and then rinse the crucible with distilled water
(the water from the plastic faucet).
2. Dry the crucible by heating it with a Bunsen burner
until the bottom of the crucible glows red.
3. Continue heating for 5 minutes.
4. Allow the crucible to cool.
5. Weigh the crucible.
6. Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing.
7. Compare the weights, if they are within 0.005g
proceed to the next step, if not repeat steps 2 5.
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Technique Sample Drying
1. Place 2 3 grams of hydrated salt in crucible
2. Weigh the sample to 0.001g
3. Heat sample with a cool flame for 10 minutes.
Valdosta State University
Technique Sample Drying
1. Place 2 3 grams of hydrated salt in crucible.
2. Weigh the sample to 0.001g
3. Heat sample with a cool flame for 10 minutes.
Valdosta State University
Technique Sample Drying
1. Place 2 3 grams of hydrated salt in crucible.
2. Weigh the sample to 0.001g
3. Heat sample with a cool flame for 10 minutes, slowly
increasing the intensity of the flame.
4. Allow the sample and crucible to cool to room temp.
5. Weigh the crucible with the sample.
6. Reheat sample with a moderate flame for 2 minutes.
7. Allow the sample and crucible to cool to room temp.
8. Weigh the crucible with the sample.
9. Compare weights, if they differ by more than 0.005g,
repeat steps 6 8.

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Technique Crucible Tongs
Lift crucible covers using the tip of the tongs.
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Technique Crucible Tongs
Lift crucibles in the crook of the tongs.
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Example Data
Name of anhydrous salt ____calcium sulfate____
Unknown code ____________________________
Trial #1 Trial #2
1. Mass of crucible and lid
First mass ___21.753g__ ____________
Second mass ___21.754g__ ____________
Third mass ____________ ____________
2. Mass of crucible and unknown
___24.645g__ ____________
3. Mass of crucible and anhydrous salt
First mass ___24.126g__ ____________
Second mass ___24.041g___ ____________
Third mass ___24.039g___ ____________
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of unknown
g g
crucible of mass unknown and crucible of mass
754 . 21 645 . 24
) ( ) (

Valdosta State University
Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of unknown
g g g
crucible of mass unknown and crucible of mass
891 . 2 754 . 21 645 . 24
) ( ) (
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of ANHYDROUS salt
g 754 . 21 g 039 . 24
) crucible of mass ( ) salt anhydrous and crucible of mass (

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of ANHYDROUS salt
g 285 . 2 g 754 . 21 g 039 . 24
) crucible of mass ( ) salt anhydrous and crucible of mass (
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem
) ( ) ( salt anhydrous of mass unknown of mass
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem
=

g 285 . 2 g 891 . 2
) salt anhydrous of mass ( ) unknown of mass (
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem
g g g
salt anhydrous of mass unknown of mass
606 . 0 285 . 2 891 . 2
) ( ) (
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem




Or

g g g
salt anhydrous of mass unknown of mass
606 . 0 285 . 2 891 . 2
) ( ) (
=

) ( ) ( salt anhydrous and crucible of mass unknown and crucible of mass

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem




Or

g g g
salt anhydrous of mass unknown of mass
606 . 0 285 . 2 891 . 2
) ( ) (
=

g 039 . 24 g 645 . 24
) salt anhydrous and crucible of mass ( ) unknown and crucible of mass (
Valdosta State University
Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Mass of water
There are two ways to work this problem




Or

g g g
salt anhydrous of mass unknown of mass
606 . 0 285 . 2 891 . 2
) ( ) (
=

g 606 . 0 g 039 . 24 g 645 . 24

) salt anhydrous and crucible of mass ( ) unknown and crucible of mass (
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of anhydrous salt
4
CaSO weight formula
salt anhydrous mass
moles =
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of anhydrous salt
mol g
g
CaSO weight f ormula
salt anhydrous mass
moles
/ 150 . 136
344 . 2
4
=
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of anhydrous salt
mol 01678 . 0
mol / g 150 . 136
g 285 . 2
CaSO weight formula
salt anhydrous mass
moles
4
=
=
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of water
O H weight formula
water mass
moles
2
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of water
mol / g 02 . 18
g 606 . 0
O H weight formula
water mass
moles
2
=
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Moles of water
mol 0336 . 0
mol / g 02 . 18
g 606 . 0
O H weight formula
water mass
moles
2
=
=
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Percent water
100 %
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
sample mass
water mass
water
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Percent water
100
g 891 . 2
g 606 . 0
100
sample mass
water mass
water %
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Percent water
% 0 . 21
100
g 891 . 2
g 606 . 0
100
sample mass
water mass
water %
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water
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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water
O H x CaSO
2 4

Valdosta State University
Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water
salt anhydrous of moles
water of moles
x
O H x CaSO
2 4
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water
moles 01678 . 0
moles 0336 . 0
x
salt anhydrous of moles
water of moles
x
O H x CaSO
2 4
=
=

Valdosta State University

Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water
2 00 . 2 x
moles 01678 . 0
moles 0336 . 0
x
salt anhydrous of moles
water of moles
x
O H x CaSO
2 4
~ =
=
=

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Example Data
CALCULATIONS - Formula of the hydrated salt
This is a ratio of moles of anhydrous salt to water








For most hydrated salts, x is a whole number.
2 00 . 2 x
moles 01678 . 0
moles 0336 . 0
x
salt anhydrous of moles
water of moles
x
O H x CaSO
2 4
~ =
=
=

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Hints for Good Results
Be sure to keep the lid on the crucible while cooling to
prevent moisture from the atmosphere interacting with
the anhydrous salt, especially if the lab is humid. This
will cause the mass of water (and therefore the percent
of water) to be too low.
When drying the sample, be sure to use a cool to
moderate flame. The crucible should not be glowing red.
A glowing red crucible can cause the salt to decompose
and make you percent of water too high.
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Safety
Always handle crucibles with crucible tongs
Hot crucible look like cold crucibles
Oil from fingers can affect the mass
Always place hot crucibles on heat resistant boards
Hot crucibles can incinerate your laboratory manual
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Waste Disposal
Put all solid anhydrous salt residue in the container
marked:
Recovered Metals and Metal Ions.