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Collaborative Frameworks: The 2005-2006 ESRC-TLRP seminar series On Neuroscience and Education
www.tlrp.org
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Developmental disorders (dyslexia, dyscalculia, autism, ADHD, etc) Sleep and nutrition Adolescent behaviour and learning Creativity Motivation and engagement Challenge neuromyths(VAK,Brain Gym,water)
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Howard-Jones, 2007
Fostering creativity
"This cow got so fed up with people doubting that cows could jump over the moon that it decided to jump over a star. To do star this, it wore azip special rocket cow The cow zipped up the space suit. suit, lit the blue touch paper and flew up over the star"
Howard-Jones et al. (2005)
-produce creative stories and uncreative stories -include word sets that were related & unrelated
Strategy increases intensity of creativity processing, more novel possibilities but more analysis to filter them?
Fostering creativity
Example findings...
Q: How do we minimise creativity (e.g. in the be uncreative condition)?
A: Tendency to visually fixate on a single unchanging and stereotypical scene and to describe it (see PVC activation in fMRI study) Q: What are the issues of control when using strategies based on randomness? A: Small elements of randomness assimilated almost spontaneously, but participants emphasised value of more time to filter the many possibilities when greater degrees of freedom possible
Fostering creativity
1. an initial high degree of enthusiasm 2. a flourishing of initial of somewhat behavioural but conveniently prescriptive neuromyths 3. a daunting realization that things were more complex and required attention to cognition 4. greater focus on cognition, with neuroscience helping to biologise, concretise and deepen concepts 5. emergence of concepts, language and reflective capability that allows deeper reflection, sensitivity and insights around personal practice in specific contexts.
http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/research/networks/nenet
Dopamine (DA) seems to play a role in the appetitive phase of motivation. DA deficient rats become less interested in searching out food, but they still like eating. Opioids appear involved in the hedonic pleasures/consummatory of eating they dont influence effort to get food but they do reduce meal size So: Wanting (dopaminergic reward system) is not always liking
Finding 1: Children enjoy gaming uncertainty in learning games especially boys Task: Ask your maths question from Mr Certain (Correct -> 1 point) Mr Uncertain (Correct -> coin toss, 2 or 0 pts
Finding 2: Gaming uncertainty can subvert discourse around learning in positive ways Task: Wipe Out try to beat the computer at a quiz (Ralph Allen Comprehensive School, Bath Yr 9 Science, lowest set)
Claims of unfairness were about the computer knowing the answers and suspicions that it might be getting all the easy questions: M2L: this isnt really a fair game M2R: yea its not because the computer knows the answers M2R: ..why is he, why is the computer getting all the easy ones?
Not about losing all points due to dice throw!
Gaming uncertainty as a source of hope: M2L: I want the computer to get a wipe out M2R: get a one M2L: because then we can actually get some points
Misfortune was generally attributed to bad luck and talked about (as in success) in gaming terms: M2L: agh - we got obliterated. Completely annoying, we havent had any good rolls M2R: no But success was still celebrated vigorously, and often in words that expressed a triumph of ability (and in the case of pairs F1 and M1 with singing and dancing): F1R: Were just too good - I cant believe were doing good
Prediction of when learning will occur Neural Correlates of this Prediction Error (DA) signal
Computer modelling (using UoBs high performance computing facility) can be used to study the brains response in more complex (and relevant) gaming situations - e.g. when observing a competitors behaviour
Preliminary image analysis showing activity correlated with players Prediction Error of own choices in Dorsal Striatal areas
Can/should neuroscience enter the school gates ONLY through collaborative research and co-construction of concepts? If so, there are significant challenges:
Horizon scanning Research funding Imminent issues requiring consultation (e.g. cognitive enhancers, brain reading/screening, genetic profiling)