FKKKSA Chem. Eng.

Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
before steady-state conditions
important due to large number of heating and cooling problems in industry eg.
In metallurgical and food processing
Time dependent
eg. Hot Metal slab is removed from a furnace and exposed to a cool stream or
surrounding.
Biot number N
Bi
- Ratio of thermal resistance in the body or solid compared
with surroundings.

N
Bi
=
hx
1
k
Sphere
where
x
1
= characteristic dimension of the body = V/A
Long Cylinder
Long Square Rod
x
1
= r/3
x
1
= r/2
x
1
= x/2 where x = thickness
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION
conduction in one direction in a solid
Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation
y
x
Ax
Az
q
x| x
q
x| x+Ax
q
y| y
q
z |z +Az
q
z |z
Ay
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
rate of heat input :
q
x| x
= k(Ay. Az)
cT
cx
x
rate of heat ouput:
q
x| x+ Ax
= k(Ay. Az)
cT
cx
x+ Ax
rate of heat accumulation:

(AxAyAz)c
p
cT
cx
rate of heat generation:

(AxAyAz) q
Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation

q =
k
cT
cx
x+Ax

cT
cx
x+Ax
|
\

|
.
|
Ax
= c
p
cT
cx
HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

cT
cx
=
k
c
p
c
2
T
cx
2
+
q
c
p
= o
c
2
T
cx
2
+
q
c
p
conduction in one direction in a solid

cT
cx
= o
c
2
T
cx
2
+
c
2
T
cy
2
+
c
2
T
cz
2
|
\

|
.
|
+
q
c
p
conduction in 3 dimensions:
HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

o
c
2
T
cx
2
+
c
2
T
cy
2
+
c
2
T
cz
2



(

(
+
q
c
p
=
cT
ct
Cartesian coordinates ;

1
r
c
cr
r
cT
cr
|
\

|
.
| +
1
r
2
c
2
T
c|
2
+
c
2
T
cz
2
+
q
k
=
1
o
cT
ct

1
r
2
c
cr
r
2
cT
cr
|
\

|
.
| +
1
r
2
sinu
c
cu
sinu
cT
cu



(

(
+
1
r
2
sin
2
u
c
2
T
c|
2
+
q
k
=
1
o
cT
ct
k = a +bT
Cylindrical coordinates:
Spherical coordinates :
HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Lumped capacity /Newtonian heating or cooling method
T

= sudden change in ambient temperature at t = 0

Negligible/ very low internal conductive resistance (N
Bi
< 0.1) :
where
T = average temperature of object at ts
T
o
= temperature of object at t = 0 (K)
A = surface area of object (m
2
)
V = volume of object (m
3
)
= density of object (kg/m
3
)
t = time (s)
t
V
p
c
hA
o
e
T T
T T
|
.
|

\
|
=

]
V)t (hA/c
e )[1 T V(T c Q
p
o p

=

Q = total amount of heat transferred from the object
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Lumped capacity /Newtonian heating or cooling method
Sphere
(N
Bi
< 0.1) :
where
x
1
= characteristic dimension of the body = V/A
N
Bi
= Biot number = hx
1
/k
Long Cylinder
Long Square Rod
x
1
= r/3
x
1
= r/2
t
V
p
c
hA
o
e
T T
T T
|
.
|

\
|
=

]
V)t (hA/c
e )[1 T V(T c Q
p
o p

=

x
1
= x/2 where x = thickness
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Flat plate with negligible surface resistance :
T
1
or c
1
= sudden change in ambient temperature or concentration at t = 0
No convective resistance and unsteady-state conduction in the x-direction only
where
T = T
0
and c = c
0
at t =0
T or c = temperature or concentration in solid at t = t
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
RELATION BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
where
Semi-infinte solid:
0
1
0
c
K
c
c c

t D 2
x
AB
t D
D
Kk
AB
AB
c
t = time (s)
o = thermal diffusivity = k/c
p
(m
2
/s)
K = equilibrium distribution coefficient = c
Li
/c
i
h, k
c
= convective transfer coefficient

D
AB
= mass diffusivity

Surface resistance
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Large flat plate:
where
n = relative position
m = relative resistance
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=
1
x
x
n=
1
hx
k
m=
X = relative time
Y = unacccomplished change, a dimensionless ratio
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at center of a large flate plate:
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Long cylinder:
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=
1
x
x
n=
1
hx
k
m=
where
n = relative position
m = relative resistance
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at center of a long cylinder:
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Sphere:
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=


n=
x
x
1
1
hx
k
m=
where
n = relative position
m = relative resistance
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at the center of a sphere:
0
1
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

2
1
AB
x
t D
1 c
AB
x Kk
D
m=
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
2-dimensional systems:
Transfer in x & y direction:
0 1
x 1
x
T T
T T
Y

=


Y
r
=
T
1
T
y
T
1
T
0
0
1
x
1
x
c
K
c
c
K
c
Y

=


Y
r
=
c
1
K
c
y
c
1
K
c
0
Y
x,r
= (Y
x
)(Y
r
) =
0 1
y x, 1
T T
T T

0
1
y x,
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

=
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
3-dimensional systems:
Transfer in x, y, & z direction:
0 1
x 1
x
T T
T T
Y

=
0 1
y 1
y
T T
T T
Y

=
0 1
z 1
z
T T
T T
Y

=
0
1
x
1
x
c
K
c
c
K
c
Y

=
0
1
y
1
y
c
K
c
c
K
c
Y

=
0
1
z
1
z
c
K
c
c
K
c
Y

=
Y
x,y,z
= (Y
x
)(Y
y
)(Y
z
) =
0 1
z y, x, 1
T T
T T

0
1
z y, x,
1
c
K
c
c
K
c

=
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Example:
In a manufacturing process stainless steel cylinders (AISI 304) initially at 600 K are quenched by
submersion in an oil bath maintained at 300 K with h = 500 W/m
2
K. Each cylinder is of length
2L = 60 mm and diameter D = 80 mm. Consider a time 3 min into the cooling process and
determine temperatures at the center of the cylinder, at the center of a circular face, and at the
mid-height of the side.